viduals, and from other sources of $4062.94. The assets of the association amounted to $9581.06, most of which were invested in Philadelphia City 6's of a par value of $7300 and a market value of $9563. The chief items of expense were the salaries of officers and solicitors. The association has occupied room No. 5, in the second story of 205 Walnut Street, for a number of years. The officers for 1884 are as follows: President, Charles Lawrence; Vice-President, Capt. Jonathan May; Treasurer, Jeremiah Smith; Corresponding and Recording Secretary, James F. Wallace; Agent, James Nelson. The Tow-Boat Owners' Association was organized April 1, 1874, at the advice of a number of captains of vessels, for the purpose of establishing uniform rates of towage, and at the same time of advancing in a general way the interests of tow-boat owners. Stephen Flanagan was its first president. He was succeeded in April, 1881, by F. A. Churchman, who has held the position ever since. The association has met from the beginning at 119 Walnut Street. It has been very successful in carrying out its objects, and at present the rates of towage in the harbor of Philadelphia are, it is claimed, from twenty-five to fifty per cent. less than in any other port upon the Atlantic coast. The number of members at present is 70, and consists exclusively of the managing owners of tugs. The government of the association is vested in a board of twelve managers, including the president, secretary, and treasurer, and they have full power to make rules and regulations with regard to towage, and fix the rates of the same. The annual dues of the members vary according to the expenses incurred. Difficulties among members are settled by an arbitration committee. The annual meeting is held in April. The officers during 1883 were as follows: President, F. A. Churchman; Secretary, Thomas Winsmore; Treasurer, J. A. McCauley; Assistant Secretary, John Sholdice; Collector, Richard Banks. The Shoe and Leather Trade Association was organized at a meeting held at the room of the Board of Trade, on Feb. 22, 1883. A committee appointed then on a constitution and by-laws made a report on February 28th following, which was adopted. Paul Graff was elected president; Thomas C. Else, Thomas Y. England, John J. Ziegler, and William Clark, vice-presidents; Thomas C. Babb, recording secretary; John T. Monroe, corresponding secretary; and David J. Horr, treasurer. In October, 1883, a credit bureau, for the investigation of the characters of customers asking members of the association for credit, was established, Mr. Howard Van Court being appointed actuary. The bureau is conducted in the manner usual with institutions of that character. The Clothing Exchange was organized at a meeting held in Mercantile Hall, Nov. 6, 1882, at which every clothing-manufacturing firm in the city was represented. The establishment of a credit bureau, the consideration of the transportation of agents, samples, and merchandise, the regulation of the time of labor, the establishment of a board of arbitration, the obtaining of the recognition of Philadelphia as a trade centre, and the consideration of matters in general relating to the clothing trade were the objects. Within the six months previous to the last annual meeting on Dec. 12, 1883, 1438 names had passed through the bureau, and 4197 reports had been furnished by the actuary. Interchange of information has been established with New York, Baltimore, and Rochester, and Cincinnati and Chicago were visited by a committee from Philadelphia and New York, with the result of securing a favorable prospect of intercommunication with the former city. The Exchange was chartered June 12, 1883, and the number of members at the beginning of 1884 was 33. The officers of the association for 1884 are as follows: President, Herman L. Freedman; Vice-President, Leo Loeb; Treasurer and Secretary, S. L. Haas; Board of Managers, Benjamin F. Greenewald, Simon Fleisher, Joseph Goldsmith, Emanuel Schwerin, Joseph Loucheim, and Joseph Stern. The Merchant Tailors' Exchange was formed in the year 1870, and a room taken at 911 Chestnut Street, where a "book of delinquents" was kept, which was free for consultation to members, and in which they were expected to inscribe the names of their delinquent customers. On the 25th of February, 1871, the Merchant Tailors' Exchange was organized, and negotiations were shortly afterward entered into for consolidation with an already-existing Merchant Tailors' Exchange, consisting of small German firms engaged in business away from the central portion of the city; and on the 21st day of July, 1871, the union took place, the Germans paying the sum of $500 for the privilege of becoming members of the new organization. The number of members of the Exchange previous to the consolidation was 26, and the number added 46, making a total membership of 72. The presidents since its organization have been as follows: 1871, George Müller; 1872, E. O. Thompson; 1873-76, William Milligan; 1877, Edward P. Kelly; 1878-81, George Müller; 1882-83, James B. Mageoch; 1884, John A. Carr. The objects of the Exchange are to elevate the profession, to promote social intercourse among its members, to obtain protection against adventurers who endeavor to clothe themselves elegantly without paying their tailors, and to insist on having a voice in making out "bills of prices," which should be generous to employés and just to employers. The Bottlers' Protective Association was formed some time between 1844 and 1850, for the purpose of mutual benefit and the protection of bottles and other property connected with the transaction of the busiThe law requires that bottles containing beer or various other articles of drink shall not be sold, ness. but the carelessness of many parties to whom bottles were delivered resulted frequently in their never being returned to their owners. There was, besides, a great deal of smuggling of bottles into other States, where the laws in force in Pennsylvania did not prevail, and where they could be sold without risk of punishment. The association set itself to work to correct these evils by dividing itself into committees, each of which took a separate district of the city, in which it made collections, and which afterward sorted the bottles thus gathered for return to their owners. Prosecutions were also instituted in a number of cases for smuggling, which resulted in the source of loss being checked to a considerable degree. Robert Wagner was president of the association for many years. The workings of the committees, however, were not satisfactory, as during the busy season of the year, when the prompt collection of bottles was most necessary, the membership of the committees were too busy to attend to the performance of their duties, and bottles which had been collected were sometimes retained for months before being sorted and returned to their owners. To meet the demand for a more systematic method of operating, the association was reorganized early in 1881, and Mr. C. D. O'Farrell succeeded Mr. Wagner to the presidency. A central depot was established, which was put under the control of a superintendent, to which all bottles gathered from various points of the city are brought and sorted for return to their owners. During 1833 there were altogether 1,230,000 bottles brought to the depot, at a cost of $17,000, and the payments of some of the larger firms to the depot averaged about $30 a week. The association has also employed detectives to ferret out cases of smuggling of bottles into other States, where they might be sold with impunity for a considerably larger sum than can be obtained from the association. Quite a number of prosecutions have resulted, which have been the means of bringing offenders to punishment, and have in a great measure destroyed this class of thievery. The officers elected at the time of reorganization, in 1881, have been continued without change. They are as follows: President, C. D. O'Farrell; Secretary, Robert Lelar; Treasurer, E. Posten ; Superintendent, William Arlitz. The number of members at the beginning of 1884 was 54. CHAPTER LIX. BURYING-GROUNDS AND CEMETERIES. WHEN the English authority supplanted the Dutch government on the Delaware, there were already within the settlement three churches with burial-grounds attached,—one at New Castle, a sec ond at Craine Hoeck, and the third at Tinicum Island. At a special court held at New Castle in 1675, it was ordered that another church be built at Wicacoe for the people of Passyunk. Church-wardens were appointed by this court in 1677. For seventeen years after the arrival of Penn it does not appear that there was any necessity for providing burial-places for the poor and for strangers, and the first movement in that direction was made by Common Council, Sept. 21, 1705. The minutes say, "It is ordered that the mayor (Griffith Jones), recorder (David Lloyd), and Alderman Wilcox (taking along with them such p'sons of the respective religious p'suations of this city as they shall think p. p.), apply themselves to the Com'rs of Property for a publick piece of ground in this city for a burying-place for straingers dying in this city, and report their doing therein to the next meeting." The commissioners met this request by persuading the corporation to accept the Southeast Square, which had been dedicated to the public use by the original plan of the city in 1682, and a patent was issued Jan. 29, 1706, which recited that an application had been made “by the mayor and commonalty of the city of Philadelphia to the commissioners, that they would grant some convenient piece of ground for a common and public burying-ground, for all strangers or others who might not so convenient be laid in any of the particular enclosures appropriated by certain religious societies to that purpose." The commissioners therefore stated that they had appropriated "a certain square belonging to those squares which at the original plotting of the said city were intended for public uses." The ground was bounded north by Walnut Street, on the south by a street forty feet wide, and on the east by Sixth Street. The dimensions were five hundred feet in length by five hundred feet in breadth.1 The purpose of the grant was declared to be "for a common burying-place for the service of the city of Philadelphia for interring the bodies of all manner of deceased persons whatsoever, whom there shall be occasion to lay therein." For the improvement of the burying-place, full and free liberty was given to the mayor and corporation "to enclose, fence, plant, build on, or by any ways or means whatsoever that will improve the aforesaid piece of ground, . . . to be held as of the manor of Springettsbury in free and common socage, at the rent of one ear of corn, payable on the first day of March in every year." The grant was scarcely made before Joshua Carpenter, a Common Councilman, made application for a lease of the ground. It might be useful as a place of pasture for cattle, and as the burials were not likely to be many for some years ensuing, the grass crop could be available in nearly the whole of the inclosure. Council ordered, March 8, 1706, that a lease should be granted to Carpenter for twenty-one years, "at the rent of p. Ann., he fenceing the same & from time to time enlarging the ground as there 1 The ground extended on the west to the back end of Eighth Street lots. The street now on the west side of the square was not laid out until long afterward. He shall be occasion for roome to bury in." The rent was subsequently fixed at the nominal rate of one shilling per annum, "if demanded." The expense of the fencing must have been considered nearly equiv. alent to the value of the premises in rent during the long term named in the lease, which was not signed until the 30th of March, 1708. In 1730 the lease to Carpenter having expired, Jacob Shoemaker proposed "to take the potters' field." Carpenter was dead, and his representatives, it was a matter of complaint, had not complied with the conditions of his lease, and kept the premises in order. A committee was appointed to inquire into the condition of the ground, but there is no minute of the conclusion which was arrived at. Shoemaker was informed at the same time that the corporation was not inclined to lease the premises for more than three years. entered into possession, and was still tenant of the property in 1762, on a three-years' lease, at ten pounds per annum. Jasper Carpenter succeeded Shoemaker as lessee of the square on a seven-years' lease in 1766. He applied for a renewal in 1773, and a new grant was made by the board for seven years longer. When this term expired, the corporation of the city of Philadelphia had ceased to exist. There could be no renewal, and Carpenter was the last lessee. Indeed, it may be presumed that the value of the ground for the purpose of raising hay or for pasture was very small after the Revolution had set in. Potter's Field was uneven, and near its southwest corner was entered by a stream which flowed in from beyond Arch Street. A second rivulet, having its source in a pond about where the First Presbyterian Church was afterward built, met the other west of Sixth Street, and the brook took a course nearly eastward to Fifth Street, and half-way to Fourth Street, where it turned north, then east to about Hudson Street, where it emptied into the northwestern branch of Dock Creek. In after-years a culvert carried the water to Fifth Street and through adjoining properties. The Carpenter family inclosed in the centre of the field a plot about forty feet square for a private burial-ground, and it is said that Joshua Carpenter was buried there beneath an apple-tree. Almost as soon as the property was vested in the corporation, interments were made there of the wretchedly poor, the slaves, and the free blacks. In times of festival it has been said that the slave blacks of both sexes used to go to the square in considerable numbers, and amuse themselves by dancing, singing, and speaking. When the war of Independence began, this was the only place available for the burial of soldiers who died in the service, or as prisoners. In that poor privilege, the regular American and British soldier were served alike. The men who in hospitals yielded their lives to the attacks of camp fever, and the prisoners of war held captive in the adjoining Walnut Street jail, were brought to this Potter's Field. Pits of twenty by thirty feet square were dug along the line of Walnut Street by Seventh, and filled by coffins piled one upon the other. On the south line of the square long trenches were dug, which were kept open until necessary to be used. Then, commencing at one end, the coffins were piled up and covered with dirt, leaving the space beyond open and ready for future deposits. John Adams, member of Congress, and afterward President of the United States, in a letter dated April 13, 1777, gives a gloomy picture of the condition of the ground: "I have spent an hour this morning in the congregation of the dead. I took a walk into the 'Potter's Field' (a burying place between the new stone prison and the Hospital), and I never in my whole life was so affected with melancholy. The graves of the soldiers who have been buried in this ground from the Hospital and bettering-house during the course of last summer, fall, and winter dead of the smallpox and campdiseases, are enough to make the heart of a stone to melt away. The sexton told me that upwards of 2000 soldiers had been buried there; and by the appearance of the grass and trenches, it is most probable to me that he speaks within bounds. To what cause this plague is to be attributed I don't know,-disease has destroyed 10 men for us where the sword of the enemy has killed one! We have at last determined on a plan for the sick, and have called into the service the best abilities in physic, etc., that the continent affords." In less than four months after this letter was written the British army occupied the city with a body of men greatly in excess of the number of troops previously in town. The mortality among these soldiers might not have been as great as among the Americans, but there was continual necessity for the services of the grave-digger. Acting in an enemy's country, it was not necessary to respect the rights of religious congregations. Many of the British soldiers who died might have been interred in the buryinggrounds belonging to the churches and meetinghouses, yet the Potter's Field had its share. In the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 there were so many burials in Potter's Field that there was no more room unless made by disturbing the remains of those who had been previously interred. About January, 1794, some attempt was made to improve the square by planting trees upon it, and it was ordered that a portion of the public lot on Lombard Street should be used for burials, after which interments were directed to be made there and not in Potter's Field, and so the latter ceased to be the public buryingground. Lombard Street Burying-Ground.-By the provisions of an act of Assembly passed April 8, 1786, the Supreme Executive Council was ordered to transfer to the wardens of the city "the lots of ground on the south side of Lombard Street, between Tenth and Twelfth Streets, bounded southward by ground of Barron, Hurst & Co., to be appropriated as a burialground for the interment of strangers and others who have not been in communion with a religious society at the time of their decease." The conveyance was not at once made, but soon after the new municipal government was organized it obtained, Dec. 13, 1790, a patent for the two lots between Tenth and Twelfth Streets. It was discovered, however, that the ground between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets had been previously patented to Christian Ritiz and William Adcock, and therefore the city only took clear title to the lot between Tenth and Eleventh Streets. The Council had previously designated a piece of ground on Vine Street, between Front and Second Streets, from the Schuylkill [Twenty-second and Twenty-first Streets] for burial purposes. The lot took up the greater portion of the square. It was three hundred and ninety-six feet on Vine Street from Front Street to Second, and extended southward toward Race Street three hundred and sixteen feet, but it is believed that no burials were ever made there. In 1794 it was ordered that the Lombard Street ground be fenced in, and in six years it was so crowded with corpses that further interments were prohibited. The commonwealth had not parted with its title to this property under the act of 1790, and for more than fifty years the city made use of it without absolute ownership. On April 26, 1846, an act was passed granting to the city the lot between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, freed and discharged from the uses mentioned in the act of 1790. Under this authority the city sold out the lot upon ground-rents, which at the time of the consolidation in 1854 were valued at $11,250 principal. The third Potter's Field was on Lombard Street, between Ninth and Tenth, extending from street to street, three hundred and eighty-six feet in breadth and seventy-six feet in depth, north and south. It was granted to the city in 1800, but does not appear to have been used for burials in 1812, and four years later it was ordered that no more interments be made therein. In after-time the city made of it a storage ground. -- Potter's Field in Northwest Square. When interments first began to be made in the Northwest Square, lying between Race and Vine and Schuylkill Fourth [Nineteenth] and Schuylkill Fifth [Eighteenth] Streets, is not known. In the early part of the century it was far out of town, and quite beyond the very limited police supervision established under the city administration. It might have been used before the Southeast Square was closed for burial purposes, being convenient for the interment of persons residing in the western part of the city. It may have been occasionally used for interment while Washington Square was also a public burying-ground. dying at the almshouse, at the State prison, and at the Pennsylvania Hospital, and of strangers not belonging to any religious society." This was declared to be an infringement upon the rights of the citizens of Philadelphia, and it was enacted that after the 10th of July, 1812, no bodies should be buried in any of the public squares of Philadelphia. Burials in Northeast Square.-A portion of the Northeast Square having been occupied since 1741 by the congregation of the German Reformed Church for a burial-ground, it is probable that unauthorized burials were made there outside of the plot used by that congregation. This theory is sustained by the city ordinance of 1815, by which it was ordered that the Northeast Square should be inclosed, and by the ordinance of the succeeding year, for the improvement of the square, which directed that if the lease to the congregation for the ground used by it for burial purposes should be renewed, it was upon condition that the congregation would put up an open wooden fence corresponding with that placed on other parts of the square by city commissioners. By ordinance of March, 1816, establishing the Vineyard burial-ground, it was ordered that, after the latter was opened, "burials in the Northeast Square should cease." The prohibition was not intended to apply to interments made by the German Reformed congregation in the piece of ground held for burial purposes. This appears by a subsequent ordinance, passed in 1818, directing the opening of the Vineyard ground, in which there is a special proviso that the right of the German congregation under its patent shall not be affected. Burying-Ground at the Vineyard. In 1816, when it was resolved to close the public burying-ground on Lombard Street, between Ninth and Tenth, a committee was appointed by City Councils with instruction to purchase a lot suitable for a burying-ground in some other place. Under that authority a lot of ground was selected adjoining the northwest boundaries of Francisville. It was situate at the northeast corner of George and Charles Streets, and was purchased at a cost of two thousand dollars. The access was by Ridge road to George Street [now called Ginnodo]. The present Twentieth Street goes through this ground, and Parrish Street also intersects it. In May, 1818, Councils ordered that the At lot purchased under authority of the ordinance of March, 1816, adjoining the Vineyard, should be inclosed with a fence, and that after the 15th of June it should be used as a public burying-ground. A house for the grave-digger was ordered to be built at an expense not exceeding three hundred dollars. By ordinance of September 14th, in the same year, the lot was appropriated "as a place for interment of the bodies of deceased strangers and persons not members of any religious society at the time of their decease." The second section of the ordinance directed that it should be an offense, punishable with a fine of all events, the title "Potter's Field" was transferred from the Southeast to the Northwest Square at an early period in the present century. On the 18th of June, 1812, City Councils passed an ordinance "to prevent the interment of deceased persons in the public squares of the city of Philadelphia." The preamble recited that “for a considerable time the public square situated on the north side of Sassafras and on the east and west sides of Schuylkill Fourth and Fifth Streets had without any authority been used as a place of interment for the bodies of persons twenty dollars, to inter, or cause to be interred, the body of any deceased person in any of the public squares or lots of ground belonging to the city other than the lot thereby appropriated. Lower Burying-Ground on West Side of Schuylkill. On the west side of the Schuylkill, north of Market Street, on the road to the Upper Ferry and near the river, a burying-ground had been in use from an early period. The true secret of the ownership of the property was known but by few persons, and they took no care to impart their knowledge to others. As a consequence, a belief was general that this was ground dedicated for public uses. As there was no one to interfere, burials were made there by poor persons at a very early period, and were continued for more than one hundred years. In 1806 the members of the Society of Friends took possession of this ground and refused to allow other denominations to use the property for burial purposes. In 1809 application was made to the Legislature by citizens of Philadelphia, in which they set forth that the ground had been used for many years as a free place of interment and was no doubt public property, and that the rights of the people had been interfered with by the Society of Friends. They asked that a law should be passed vesting the property in the county commissioners for the use of the public as a free buryingground. A committee of the House of Representatives, to which the matter was referred, reported that the Friends had no exclusive right or title to the burying-ground, and that it ought to be vested in the public. The bill which they prepared for the purpose passed the House by the vote of fifty-three yeas to twenty-seven nays. When this vote was known the Society of Friends took means to vindicate its title, and sent a petition to the Legislature remonstrating against the passage of the law, and, after the House committee had heard all the facts in the case, it reported "that the said burial-ground was applied very early after the foundation of the province for the accommodation of Friends, who held their public meetings at stated intervals at Duckett's farm, on the west side of the Schuylkill, adjoining the said ground. It appears by public records that survey had been made of said ground for a burial-ground, and that of course it is not vacant, unappropriated land, and is not liable to legislative interference. Although the title is not complete, there is strong presumptive evidence that it has been held by the Society for one hundred and twenty years, and positive evidence that they have exercised ownership for sixty years. Although persons of various sects have been buried in the ground, there has generally been an application to and permission of the Society of Friends (cases of improper intrusion excepted). This conduct has been misunderstood and an impression created that it belonged to the public." The committee, coming to the conclusion that the Legislature had no authority in the matter, asked to be discharged. The controversy as to ownership was carried on between the Board of Health and the Friends, until in 1819 the latter made an agreement in accordance with which they relinquished the ground on condition that the title be vested in the board, and without prejudice to the rights of individuals, "to the use of a burial-ground, or a place of interment of the dead forever." More than thirty years afterward, when the Pennsylvania Railroad Company was seeking ground for depots on the west side of the Schuylkill, this trust, as well as that concerning the burial-ground immediately on the north, belonging to the Board of Health, was vacated, and the two plots were sold to that corporation. Upper Burying-Ground on West Side of Schuylkill.-Adjoining the lower ground on the west side of the Schuylkill to the north, on the road from the permanent bridge to the Upper Ferry, was another burying ground which had also been in use for free interments for many years, and which seemed to have no owner. In 1811, when the State Senate passed the act to vest the lower burying-ground in the Board of Health, another act was passed to vest the upper ground in the Guardians of the Poor as a place of interment. This bill, like the other, was lost in the House. March 4, 1813, the right of the commonwealth to the burial ground on the west side of the Schuylkill, near the Upper Ferry, of two acres and twenty-two perches, was vested in the guardians and overseers of the poor, for the use thereof for a burialground, with a proviso that "nothing herein shall be construed to impair the right or interest any person or persons may now have in said land." The preamble said that this place had been recognized as a burying-ground from the earliest settlement of Pennsylvania, and that it appeared to be property of the commonwealth. It has been conjectured that this ground was originally the burying-ground of Friends' Meeting, at Centre Square, which was abandoned a few years after the city was founded. Cherry Hill burying-ground was the name given by the Board of Health to a piece of ground adjoining the City Hospital, on Coates Street, between Schuylkill Third and Fourth Streets. Potter's Field, Germantown.-In Germantown the upper burying-ground was given to the use of the inhabitants by Paul Wolf, shortly after the settlement of the town. The lower ground was also given by John Streepers and Leonard Arets for public use at an early period. These inclosures were for general convenience, but they were not considered Potter's Fields. The Potter's Field of Germantown, situate on Bowman's lane, southwest of Germantown, Main Street, was bought by Baltes Rezer, July 23, 1755, at sheriff's sale, the property having formerly belonged to George Arnold. It contained one hundred and forty perches of land. The deed-poll recited that the ground was bought "for and as a strangers' buryingground or Potter's field, for all Germantown, to serve |