Calahan v. Babcock. CALAHAN, plaintiff in error, v. BABCOCK. (21 Ohio St. 281.) Stoppage in transitu. B. & Co. of New York sold on credit, and consigned in the ordinary way to "Geo. T. Hull, Youngstown, Ohio, A. & G. W. R. R.," goods which arrived at the Youngstown station and were transferred by the railroad company's agent to its freight depot, where they awaited payment of charges as a condition precedent to their removal by draymen to Hull's place of business. On the evening of the day of the arrival of the goods they were seized in attachment at the suit of creditors of Hull. Held, that B. & Co. might assert the right of stoppage in transitu. ERROR to the court of common pleas of Mahoning county. Reserved in the district court. The opinion states the case. Thomas W. Sanderson (of Sanderson & Jones), for plaintiffs in error. Hutchins & Gliddin, for defendants in error. WEST, J. This action was tried on submission to the court at the January term, A. D. 1868, of the Mahoning common pleas, on an agreed statement of facts, and two depositions offered by the plaintiffs in error; all of which evidence was, by bill of exceptions, incorporated into the record, and is now before this court. Judgment having been entered against the plaintiffs in error, and a motion by them for a new trial because, 1st. The judgment was against the law; 2d. Was not sustained by the evidence; and 3d. Ought to have been for and not against them, having been overruled, the cause was removed by petition in error into the district court of Mahoning county, whence, for want of time to conclude its hearing, it was taken to the district court of Portage county, wherein it was reserved for decision in this court. The record shows that on the 25th of September, 1866, Babcock & Co., merchants of New York, sold on credit and consigned Calahan v. Babcock. in the ordinary way to the address of "Geo. T. Hull, Youngstown, Ohio, A. & G. W. R. R.," goods agreed on the trial to be of the value of $1,618.77, which, on the 3d of October, 1866, arrived at the Youngstown station and were transferred by the railroad company's agent to its freight depot, where, in the evening of the same day, they were seized in attachment, the charges thereon paid, and the goods thence removed by the plaintiffs in error, then sheriff and deputy sheriff of Mahoning county, at the suit of sundry creditors of Hull, a retail merchant of Youngstown, who, pending the transit of the goods, had become insolvent. Merchandise consigned to Hull was usually called for at this depot, the charges paid thereon, and it carted and delivered to Hull at his place of business by draymen, without special directions from him. At the time the goods in controversy were seized, Hull had no knowledge of their arrival, and had given no directions in regard to them; nor had any drayman or other person called for or demanded them. They were awaiting the payment of charges as a condition precedent to their transfer and removal by draymen to Hull's place of business. No one having charge of the freight depot, custody of the goods, or in the employment of the railroad company had been constituted an agent of Hull. The attorney of Babcock & Co., without their knowledge, and before either had learned that the possession of the goods had not passed in fact to Hull, commenced an action against him in Trumbull county for their purchase-price which, however, has not been prosecuted. On the 8th of October, 1866, Babcock & Co. asserted their right of stoppage in transitu by making demand of the railroad company, and afterward of the plaintiff in error, and on the twelfth of October commenced this action. These facts do not distinguish the case from the usual consignments of goods sold in the ordinary course of business between merchants. Several errors are assigned on the record, but the admirable and exhaustive arguments of counsel are chiefly that of the plaintiffs in error exclusively to the one involving the doctrine of stoppage in transitu which will first be considered. I. (1) For the plaintiffs in error it is insisted in effect that if the facts in the case show the vendor's right of stoppage not to have been extinguished under the rule hitherto recognized, the novel metho Calahan v. Babcock. of modern transportation demand that such restrictive modifications be engrafted thereon as will work its extinguishment. This cannot be conceded. The right of stoppage in transitu is regarded with so much favor that the rule governing it will not be subjected to restrictions less liberal than those of immemorial prescription. (2) It is further contended, however, that a rational application of the principles on which the rule is founded, to existing methods of the carrying trade, will hold the arrival of goods transported by railway at the station designated for their discharge the termination. of the trust, and, consequently, of the right of stoppage. This proposition is also untenable, either on authority or reason. The transit of goods consigned in the usual general terms, by a vendor on credit, is terminated, and his right of stoppage extinguished only when their possession is voluntarily and actually transferred to the vendee or to his agent. But the carrier of goods thus consigned, and all middlemen into whose custody they pass, in furtherance and virtue of the consignment are, by implication of law, constituted agents of the vendor, not of the vendee. Therefore, the transfer of goods consigned, as in this case, from the coaches of the carrier by railway to his freight depot or warehouse at the station designated for their discharge, in the vicinity of the vendee's residence or place of business, there to await the payment by him of the charges thereon, as a condition precedent to their removal to and delivery at his business house, does not ipso facto constitute a transfer or delivery of possession to him, or to any one as agent of and for him; but is the reasonable exercise of a right and duty by the carrier, in the course and furtherance of their transit, referrable to and in virtue of his original employment by and as agent of the vendor to transport and deliver. Wherefore, until the vendee in person, or his agent under and for him, shall become custodian in possession, neither the transit of the goods nor the vendor's right of stoppage will be held to have terminated. It is not intended to intimate that the middleman may not become the agent of, and, as such, the custodian holding possession under and for the vendee. But such agency will not be implied from the carrier's original employment, and can arise only by show ing affirmatively some arrangement or understanding to that effect other than the general words of an ordinary consignment. No such Arrangment or understanding is disclosed by the evidence in this VOL. VIII.—9 Phillips v. Dugan. case. The custody of the goods, at the time of their seizure in the carrier's depot, was, therefore, in the agent of the vendor, whose right of stoppage was consequently subsisting in full vitality at that date. II. The seizure of goods in transitu, at the suit of the consignee's creditors, does not extinguish the vendor's right of stoppage, bu furnishes him a cause of action for them, or their value, against the officer making the seizure, which will be enforced if asserted in due tine. III. The commencement of an action against the vendee by the attorney of the vendor of goods on credit, for their purchase-price, without the vendor's knowledge, and before either has been apprised that their transitus has not terminated, does not constitute a waiver of the right of stoppage, if it be asserted in a reasonable time, and the action for their price be not pressed, which the record shows to have been the facts in this case. IV. The cause of action upon which judgment was rendered by the common pleas against the plaintiffs in error, sounded in tort, upon which it was not competent to award interest at a rate exceeding six per centum per annum. Wherefore so much of the judgment of the common pleas as awards interest thereon after its rendition at seven per centum will be annulled, and the judgment to this extent modified, at the costs of the defendants in error; and, as to the residue, will be affirmed and remanded for execution. Judgment accordingly. PHILLIPS, plaintiff in error, v. DUGAN et al. (21 Ohio St. 466.) Judgment in action on coin contracts. Coors. In an action on a promissory note, payable in gold or silver, the judgment, in case of recovery, must be for coin to the amount found due on the note and interest. The judgment for costs must be general, so that it may be satisfi by payments of either kind of lawful money. Phillips v. Dugan. ACTION on a promissory note, of which the following is a copy: FOWLER, May 23, 1859. "$150. "One day after date, for value received, we, or either of us, promise to pay Horatio N. Phillips, or order, one hundred and fifty dollars, to be paid in gold or silver, if required, at eight per cent interest, to be paid annually. Indorsed on the note was the following: "MILO DUGAN, "LAURA DUGAN." FOWLER, Nov. 12, 1864. "Received on the within note the interest up to the present date, $80.45." Payment of the note, in gold or silver, was demanded November 12, 1864. This action was commenced April 17, 1866. The case was submitted on the following agreed statement of facts: "It is agreed that the note sued upon was given for specie lent at the date thereof; that demand of payment was made as stated; and that gold and silver were then at a premium of 55 cents in legal tender United States currency; that the defendant then paid, in United States legal tender currency, the sum expressed by the indorsement, as interest to that date, $81; that gold, at the commencement of this suit, was at a premium of 25 cents, and silver at a premium of 20 cents-gold selling at $1.25 and silver at $1.20 for the dollar." The plaintiff claimed that he was entitled to recover for the breach of the contract the value of coin at the time of the demand of payment; but the court held that he was only entitled to recover $150, the amount specified in the note, and interest from November 12, 1864, for which sum, amounting to $163.80, judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff, to which holding and judgment he duly excepted. To reverse this judgment, the plaintiff filed his petition in error in the district court. The case was reserved in the district court for decision in this court. Milton Sutliff, for plaintiff in error. Taylor & Jones, for defendants in error. |