alkalies. When any of these solutions are boiled, the Aloin becomes uncrystallisable.

Aluchi-Resin. From an unknown tree of Madagascar. Almost white on the outside, of black marble appearance on the inside, opaque, solid, friable, of strongly aromatic, pepperlike smell and of bitter taste. Contains volatile oil, a resin easily dissolving in alcohol, another resin more difficult to dissolve in alcohol (the latter crystalline to about 20%), an acid in the free state, an amorphous bitter substance and a salt of ammonia.

Alyxia-Stereopten. Exudates on the inner surface of the bark of Alyxia Reinwardti.* White, hair-shaped crystals of the odour of cumarine, of faintly aromatic taste and of neutral reaction. It sublimates at 75° to 87°, fuses in higher temperatures and becomes brown afterwards; dissolves little in cold, better in warm water, readily in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, oil of turpentine, caustic alkalies and carbonates of alkalies.

Amanitin. The alleged poisonous ingredient of the FlyAgaric (Agaricus muscarius), obtained as yet only as extract, consequently impure.

[Ambrosin. A fossil resin, exudation of probably coniferous trees of South Georgia. Resembles amber, yields on melting succinic acid and a fragrant volatile oil. Dissolves copiously in oil of turpentine, alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbonate of potash, in less quantity and without decomposition in concentrated mineral acids.]

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Ammoniacum. Gum-resinous exudation of Dorema ammoniacum. Yellowish white, half-transparent lumps, friable at low temperature, of concheous fracture, disagreeable smell, faintly bitter and acrid taste. Contains about 70% resin, soluble in alcohol and solution of alkalies, 18 gum, 4 bassorin, and a light volatile oil. Amygdalin C40 H27 NO22 + 6 HO. Found in many plants belonging to Rosacea, but its presence has been partly deduced from the fact, that these vegetables produce hydrocyanic acid, when distilled with water. Amygdalin has been obtained in two different modifications, viz., (a) in the crystalline form from the seeds of Prunus Amygdalus, Prunus Persica, Prunus domestica, Prunus Laurocerasus, Prunus Padus, and from the leaves, flowers and bark of the latter; (b) in the amorphous form from the leaves of Prunus Persica and Prunus Laurocerasus and from the seeds of Prunus Cerasus. Its presence has been deduced from the hydrocyanic acid in the distillate of the following plants:-Prunus capricida (leaves), Pr. spinosa (flowers and seeds), Pr. virginiana (bark); Amelanchier vulgaris, Cotoneaster vulgaris, Crataegus Oxya

* Doubtless also in others of the many Australian, Indian, and Polynesian species known in the root of A. ruscifolia.-F. v. M.

cantha, Pyrus aucuparia, hybrida and torminalis (all flowers); Spiræa Aruncus, Japonica, sorbifolia (leaves).

The best material for the production of Amygdalin are bitter almonds. These have to be separated from the bulk of fat-oil by pressing; they are then extracted with strong alcohol and the latter removed by distillation. The residue is separated from the oil floating upon it, and mixed with half its volume of ether. The Amygdalin subsides, and has to be pressed and recrystallised in alcohol. It crystallises in alcohol with four equivalents water in colourless scales of mother-of-pearl lustre (in water with six equivalents water in prisms), is without odour, of at first sweetish, afterwards bitter taste, and of neutral reaction. It loses the whole of the water at 120°, liquefies at 200°, turns brown and decomposes, while evolving the odour of burnt sugar (caramel), afterwards of hawthorn and at last of animal empyreumatic substances. dissolves at 8 to 12° in 15 parts water, in boiling water in unlimited quantity; at 8 to 12°, in 904 parts alcohol of 0.819, in 148 parts alcohol of 0.939, in 12 parts boiling alcohol of 0.939; not in ether. Its aqueous solution separates by adding dissolved emulsin into hydrocyanic acid, oil of bitter almonds (C14 H6 O2) and grape sugar (Dextrose).

Amylum STARCH.

Amyrin. See ARBOLABREA RESIN.

It

Anacahuit Tannic Acid=C16 H12 010- In the Anacahuit wood (from Cordia Boissieri). Precipitate the aqueous infusion with acetate of lead, treat the precipitate with acetic acid, filter, precipitate the filtrate with ammonia, wash the precipitate and decompose under water by sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and evaporate. The solution is of a faint astringent taste, precipitates chloride of iron with black-green and glue with brown colour.

Anacardic Acid = C44 H32 07. Obtained in combination with lead in the preparation of Cardol. Wash with alcohol, decompose with hydrosulphide of ammonia, filter off from the sulphide of lead and decompose the filtrate by sulphuric acid. White, crystalline substance without smell in low temperature, in higher of a peculiar odour and of faintly aromatic, afterwards burning taste. It remains unaffected by heat at 150°, decomposes at 200°, leaves greasy spots on paper; its solution in alcohol has a decidedly acid reaction; dissolves readily in alcohol and in ether, with faint blood-red colour in concentrated sulphuric acid. Yields with bases partly crystalline, partly amorphous salts.

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Anchusin C36 H20 O8 (Alkanna-red). The red dyeing matter of Anchusa tinctoria. Remove foreign colouring matters by extracting with cold water, dry, exhaust with alcohol, distil

the latter off from the tincture (after adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid, in order to prevent the red matter from turning green), evaporate on the water-bath to a thickish mass, shake with ether, which assumes a dark-red colour, and with water; remove the aqueous stratum and repeat the operation with fresh water until the ethereous stratum has so far diminished as to become of a thick fluidity, and evaporate the ether. Dark red-brown, resinous, brittle mass of neutral reaction, fuses below 60°, volatilises by careful heating in violet-red vapours similar to those of iodine and condenses in voluminous flocks under partial decomposition. Not soluble in water, but readily in alcohol and better still in ether and oils with red, in concentrated sulphuric acid with amethyst-colour, in alkalies with blue colour, and precipitable in the latter solution by acids in brown-red flocks. The alcoholic solution decomposes and becomes green with ammonia.

Andirin. Bitter substance of the wood of Andira anthelmintica, yellow-brown, soluble in water, alcohol and ether; only known in the impure state.

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Anemonic Acid C30 H14 014 See ANEMONIN. White, amorphous powder, without taste, of acid reaction, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, oils and diluted acids, combines with alkalies in yellow colour.

Anemonin = C30 H12 012. In the herb of Anemone nemorosa, pratensis, Pulsatilla, Ranunculus bulbosus, Flammula, sceleratus*. The aqueous distillate of the above herbs, when kept for some time in contact with the volatile oil, obtained by the same operation, separates crystals of Anemonin and a white pulverulent substance (Anemonic acid). Of the two substances only Anemonin dissolves in alcohol, therefore it can be easily separated. It appears in colourless, glossy prisms of the klinorhombic form, without odour, of highly poignant and burning taste when fused, of neutral reaction; softens at 150° and decomposes afterwards (formerly believed to be volatile), dissolves very little in cold water, dissolves in hot water and separates in crystals on cooling; dissolves little in cold, readily in boiling alcohol; not in cold, little in boiling ether; in chloroform; in fixed and volatile oils; in aqueous alkalies under decomposition.

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Anethol C20 H12 02. Constitutes almost entirely the volatile oils of Foeniculum officinale, of Artemisia Dracunculus, of Pimpinella Anisum and of Illicium anisatum. It occurs in the solid and in the liquid state. The former is obtained by pressing the oil of the first, third or fourth of the above plants at 0° and by re-crystallising; the liquid is obtained from the oils of the first or second herb by distilling, collecting the distillate of

* And numerous other plants of the order.-F. v. M.

206-225° and rectifying until of a constant boiling point. The solid form appears in white laminæ, smells more faintly and pleasantly than anis-oil, fuses at 16°, boils at 220°, has at 12° a density of 1044, at 25° a density of 0.984. The liquid form from fennel-oil does not congele at -10° and boils at 225°; the liquid from Tarragon-oil boils at 206°.

Angelic Acid = C10 H7 O3 + HO. Ingredient of the root of Angelica Archangelica, of the Sumbul root (from Euryangium Sumbul) and also of the essential oil of the flowers of Anthemis nobilis, the less volatile part of which in boiling with alcoholic solution of caustic potash secedes into angelate and valerate of potassa. It volatilises with the steam by distilling the roots of Angelica with water, but may be obtained more completely by boiling the roots with milk of lime, percolating, concentrating the liquid and distilling with sulphuric acid. The distillate has to be saturated with carbonate of soda; is then evaporated, again distilled with sulphuric acid and kept in the cold for some days. Collect the crystals, wash with cold water and re-crystallise. It forms translucent, colourless prisms and needles of peculiarly aromatic, smell, and very acid, burning and aromatic taste; fuses at 45°, and boils at 190°; dissolves slowly in cold, most readily in hot water, alcohol and ether. Its salts are mostly soluble in water; the lead, silver and copper salts slowly; the oxyd of iron salt is insoluble.

Angelicin. Crystalline resin of the root of Angelica Archangelica. The alcoholic tincture of the above root separates in evaporating into two liquids of different density, the denser one being aqueous of light-yellow colour, and containing much sugar; the lighter supernatant one brown and resinous. The latter has, after washing with water, to be saponified by caustic potash; this is dissolved in alcohol, subjected to carbonic acid, evaporated and treated with ether, which dissolves Angelicin and leaves it pure after evaporating. Fine, colourless needles, without smell; of at first imperceptible, afterwards burning and aromatic taste, easily fusible, not volatile, soluble in alcohol and in ether. [According to the latest researches of B. Brimmer, Angelicin has been found to be identical with Hydrocarotin.]

Angusturin. In the genuine Angustura bark from Galipea officinalis and G. Cusparia. Obtained by extracting with alcohol and evaporating. Fine, white crystals of a bitter and faintly acrid taste, little soluble in water, more in alcohol and in acids, not in ether and volatile oils; is precipitable by tannic acid.

Anime. Exudation of the stem of Bursera gummifera and Trachylobium Hornemanni. Yellow, transparent, of pleasant smell, especially on warming, and of mastic-like taste; softens in the

mouth. Contains volatile oil and two crystalline resins, the one of which dissolves readily, the other slowly in alcohol.

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Annatto Red C16 H13 O2. The resinous dyeing matter of Annatto (the pulp of the fruit of Bixa orellana). Extract with water, and remove the aqueous solution containing yellow dyeing matter and impurities, dry the residue and extract with alcohol, evaporate the tincture, treat with ether and bring the solution to dryness. Red, amorphous, soluble in alcohol, ether and ley of potash; turns blue with concentrated sulphuric acid.

Anthocyan. Exhaust with alcohol, evaporate and treat with water; precipitate the blue solution with acetate of lead, decompose the green precipitate by sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and evaporate; extract with absolute alcohol and precipitate the solution by ether, which throws down the Anthocyan in flocks. Of amorphous form, soluble in water and in alcohol, turns red with acids, green with alkalies, yields with alkaline earths and oxyd of lead green compounds insoluble in water.

Anthoxanthein. Extract with alcohol, evaporate, exhaust with water, evaporate again, treat with absolute alcohol, dilute the solution with water, precipitate with acetate of lead and decompose the deposit with sulphuric acid; the Anthoxanthein remains dissolved, and is obtained by evaporating as an amorphous mass, soluble in water, alcohol and ether; becomes brown by alkalies, and reassumes a pale colour with acids.

Anthoxanthin. Extract with hot alcohol, filter while hot, and leave to stand in the cold; the A. subsides but mixed with fat, removable by heating with a little alkali, decomposing by acids and extracting with cold alcohol, which dissolves the fat acid. Amorphous, resinous substance of a beautiful yellow colour, insoluble in water, dissolves with gold-colour in alcohol, ether and oils, little in alkalies.

Antiarin = C28 H20 010 + 4 HO. In the sap of the Upastree (Antiaris toxicaria) which forms an ingredient of the Javanese arrow-poison. The above sap, mixed with alcohol to prevent decomposition, has to be concentrated and exhausted with boiling alcohol, the filtrate is evaporated to honey-consistence, and boiled with water. The A. crystallises in the hot solution, and is purified by rinsing and re-crystallising. Beautiful, silvery leaflets, similar to the malate of lime, losing the water at 1120, fusing at 220°, and decomposing afterwards, of neutral reaction, without smell; dissolves in 254 parts cold and in 27 parts boiling water, in 70 parts alcohol and in 2792 parts ether, more readily in diluted acids and alkalies than in water; not precipitable by tannic acid.

Antirrhinic Acid=DIGITALIC ACID, VOLATILE.