it becomes deoxygenised, and iodine is set free. The neutral solution of the chloride of A. gives a white precipitate with caustic alkalies and the carbonates thereof, and with the iodide, ferrocyanide and sulphocyanide of potassium, and with chloride of mercury; a yellowish white with bi-iodide of potassium; a lemonyellow with picric acid; a sulphur-colour with ferrocyanide of potassium; a dirty-yellow with phospho-molybdic acid; an ochre yellow with chloride of gold; a pale greenish-yellow with chloride of platinum, and a yellow or orange precipitate with nitrate of palladium. Atherosperma Tannic Acid=C20 H14 04. In the bark of Atherosperma moschatum. Precipitate the decoction of the bark with acetate of lead, treat the precipitate with acetic acid, precipitate the filtrate by ammonia, decompose the precipitate under water by sulphuret of hydrogen, and evaporate the filtrate. Yellow liquid of faintly acid and astringent taste; greens the salts of oxyd of iron. Atropin=C34 H23 NO 6. In all parts of Atropa Belladonna, Datura Stramonium, D. arborea, and very likely also in the other species of this genus. Bruise the whole plant just when it begins to blossom, under addition of a little water, press, boil the liquid, strain, evaporate to syrup consistence, add soda-ley in excess, shake, add twice its volume of alcohol of 90%, agitate repeatedly for two days, leave to stand, decant the spirituous liquid, acidify by sulphuric acid, distil off the alcohol, render the remnant alkaline by soda-ley, shake with ether, decant the ethereous liquid, distil off the ether, dissolve the remnant in alcohol, filter and leave to evaporate slowly. When coloured still, it has to be redissolved in alcohol and treated with animal charcoal. Fine white needles without odour (when moist and imperfectly purified of a nauseous, somewhat tobacco-like smell), of nauseous and lasting bitter taste; fuses at 92° without loss of weight, decomposes in higher temperatures for the greater part under emitting vapours of alkaline reaction, while a small part sublimates unchanged; dissolves in 300 parts of cold and in 50 parts boiling water, in 8 parts cold and in equal parts boiling alcohol, in 60 parts cold and in 40 parts boiling ether; the alcoholic solution shows a decidedly alkaline reaction. Caustic alkalies and the carbonates dissolve it also, but decompose it on heating. Dissolves easily in chloroform, oils, glycerin and diluted acids. Concentrated nitric acid effects a pale-yellow solution, which becomes of an orange-yellow colour on heating. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it without colour, but becomes brown on heating while emitting an odour of orange and sloe flowers. Avenin. Peculiar protein substance of oats (Avena sativa). To prepare it, grind the grains with water, dilute the pasty mass with water, strain after twelve hours, filter the liquid, precipitate with acetic acid, dissolve the precipitate in diluted liquor of ammonia, precipitate again with acetic acid and purify the precipitate by means of alcohol and ether. The Avenin is greyish-white, dissolves readily in water, does not coagulate by heat, dissolves also in an excess of acetic and hydrochloric acids. Azulen C16 H12 + HO. Ingredient of volatile oils and causes the blue and the brown or yellow-green colour of them, in the latter cases when mixed with a yellow resin. It distils with difficulty and can be obtained in the pure state by repeated fractional distillations and rectification. It boils constantly at 302°, has a density of 0.910; its vapour is also of blue colour. In the blue oil of chamomil there is scarcely 1 per cent. of Azulen; the patchouly oil (from Pogostemon Patchouly) with 6 per cent. and the wormwood oil with 3 per cent. Azulen are not of a blue colour, because they contain a comparatively large quantity of yellow resin. Balsams. Natural combinations of resins with volatile oils, viscid or fluid at ordinary temperatures, becoming thicker and and often solid by age. Balsam of Copaiva=COPAIVA Balsam. Balsam of Mace=MACE BALSAM. Balsam of Nutmeg=NUTMEG BALSAM. [Balsam of Sindor. Three varieties have been examined, two of which are the exudations of the stem of Sindora species, the third probably originating from a kind of Dipterocarpus. The latter balsam is light-brown, thickish, of the odour of Copaiva balsam, and of 0-9221 density at 27.5°. By distillation with water it yields a beautiful red-brown, translucid resin, and a volatile oil of light-yellow colour, thin fluidity and 0.914 spec. gr., boiling at 246° to 255°, soluble in 4 to 5 parts cold, and 1 to 12 parts warm alcohol, of acid properties. The two other kinds of balsam are distinguished from the first by not yielding up their volatile oil to the vapours of water. The volatile oils, obtained by heating the balsams to about 255°, are of a yellowish or greenish-yellow colour, 0.904-907 spec. gr. and soluble in alcohol. The resin was in one case brittle, yellowbrown, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether and oil of turpentine, producing with alcohol a brilliant varnish on glass; in the other case the resin was transparent, brittle, dark-brown, and soluble in hot alcohol only with difficulty, but easily soluble in ether and chloroform.] Bases, Organic = Alkaloids. Basilicum Stearopten C20 H22 06. Obtained by the distillation of Ocimum Basilicum with water. The oil floating on the water solidifies almost entirely to a white, crystalline mass. When recrystallised in alcohol it appears in quadrangular prisms of a faint odour of the oil; when recrystallised in water, in tetrahedrons almost devoid of taste; it is neutral, dissolves little in cold, readily in hot water or alcohol, in six parts of ether, also in acids and alkalies. Isomeric or identical with the hydrate of oil of turpentine. Bassia Fat, from the seeds of Bassia butyracea, B. longifolia and B. latifolia. Yellowish, slowly decolourised by light, of the consistence of butter and of 0.958 spec. grav., fuses at 27° to 29°, dissolves little in alcohol, readily in ether; contains olein, myristin, palmitin and stearin. (The last-mentioned was erroneously distinguished as Bassic acid). Bassorin C12 H10 010- Ingredient of Bassora-gum, Tragacanth and similar gummous exudations of plants (cherry-gum, anacardia gum), insoluble in water and swelling in it; can only likely be object of phytochemical analyses in exudations of the above and similar kinds. When such an exudation is treated with cold water, it swells up considerably and dissolves partially; by straining and repeatedly treating with fresh water, the soluble part is removed, but the remaining portion contains, like the vegetable mucus, always more or less lime-compounds which can only be removed by repeatedly treating with water containing hydrochloric acid. When dry, the Bassorin is yellowish-white, solid, brittle, transparent, without taste, swells in cold water to a transparent jelly, without dissolving, but dissolves by continued boiling to a gummous liquid, yields with diluted sulphuric acid gum and sugar, with nitric acid, mucic and a little oxalic acids. Bay Oil, obtained by distilling the berries of Laurus nobilis with water. Greenish-yellow, of a thickish consistence, of the odour of bay-berries and turpentine, of faintly acid reaction, and 0.932 density. It consists of two polymeric hydrocarbons, C20 H16, boiling at 164° and of 0.908 density, and C30 H24, boiling at 250° and of 0.925 density, and of lauric acid=C24 H24 04. Bay Oil from Guiana. Obtained by incisions, from the stem of an unknown tree. When rectified and desiccated, colourless, of the smell of oil of turpentine and lemons, of aromatic pungent taste, of 0-864 density, boils at 150° to 163°. Bdellium. Exudation of the stem of Balsamodendron Africanum and B. Roxburghii. Red-brown, more or less transparent, viscous or hard, of a myrrhlike odour, and of bitter taste. Contains about 60% resin, fusing at 55° to 60°, 10% gum, 30% bassorine, and a volatile oil. Bebiric Acid. In the fruit of the Bebir-tree (Nectandra Rodiei). Concentrate the cold aqueous extract of the fruit, filter when cold, precipitate by ammonia bebirin and siperin and mix the filtrate with nitrate of baryta. The impure precipitate has to be washed with cold water, is dissolved in boiling water, and left to crystallise. The crystals, purified by recrystallisation, are dissolved in boiling water, and precipitated by acetate of lead; the precipitate is washed and decomposed by sulphuret of hydrogen, and the filtrate is evaporated over sulphuric acid. At last it has to be purified by dissolving in ether and evaporating in vacuo. Deliquescent, white, crystalline mass of wax-lustre, fuses at 150°, and sublimates somewhat above 200° undecomposed in tufts of needles. Its combinations with potash and soda are deliquescent, and soluble in alcohol; those with baryta, lime and magnesia dissolve very little in water; the lead compound is little soluble even in boiling water. Bebirin C38 H21 NO 6. In the bark and fruit of the Bebirtree (Nectandra Rodiei), besides perhaps a second alkaloid (Sipirin) and a peculiar acid; also in the bark and leaves of Buxus sempervirens. Exhaust with boiling water containing sulphuric acid, concentrate, leave to cool, separate from the deposit containing tannic acid and sulphate of lime and precipitate the filtrate with ammonia. The dark-green precipitate is washed, dried at the atmosphere (whereby it becomes black through tannic acid) and dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid. The solution is treated with animal charcoal and again precipitated by ammonia, which occasions a white precipitate. Dry, dissolve in alcohol, evaporate and treat the remnant with absolute ether, which dissolves the Bebirin and leaves behind the sipirin. Both substances have to be purified by treating their alcoholic solutions with animal charcoal. White, highly electric powder of strong and lasting bitter and faintly resinous taste, loses nothing of its weight up to 120°, fuses at 180°, decomposes in a higher temperature, dissolves in 6650 parts cold and in 1466 parts boiling water, in 5 parts absolute alcohol, also readily in weak alcohol, in 13 parts ether; of decidedly alkaline reaction, saturates acids completely and forms amorphous salts, separates iodine from iodic iodic acid. Its salts have a very bitter and somewhat astringent taste, are precipitated by caustic alkalies and the carbonates thereof; the precipitates redissolve in liquids of potash or of ammonia a little more copiously than in those of other precipitating agents. Belladonnin. Second alkaloïd of Atropa Belladonna; it is the yellow resin-like substance that prevents the crystallisation of the atropin. Mode of isolation: Dissolve the crude atropin in water by means of an acid, neutralise with carbonate of soda in order to remove a fluorescent substance of bluish colour, filter and add to the filtrate small quantities of carbonate of soda as long as, according to the temperature and concentration of the liquid, a conglutinating resinous or oily substance is formed. The precipitation of a pulverulent body, occurring afterwards, has to be avoided. Collect the precipitate on a linen cloth, rinse with water, dissolve again in acid water, decolourise as much as possible with animal charcoal, filter and, in order to prevent contamination by atropin, precipitate as carefully as before with carbonate of soda, collect, dissolve in absolute ether and evaporate. A colourless or in thicker layers yellowish, gum-like mass, drying with difficulty, of not very bitter, but burning-acrid taste, fuses by heat and decomposes afterwards under emission of heavy white fumes of the odour of burning hippuric acid; dissolves readily in ether and in alcohol, little in water; of strongly alkaline reaction; dissolves also readily in acids while saturating them completely, but is less basic than atropin. Its sulphate yields with ammonia a white pulverulent precipitate that becomes soon glutinous, a property in which it resembles hyoscyamin. Tannic acid also precipitates the sulphate of B. white. The solution of B. in weak alcohol is precipitated by nitrate of silver, chloride of gold and bi-iodide of potassium. Benic Acid C44 H43 O3 + HO. In the oil of Behen, from Moringa oleifera. The fat acids separated by hydrochloric acid from the soap obtained by means of soda-ley are pressed and the remnant crystallised in alcohol. Shining, white needles, similar to stearic acid; fuse at 76°. Benzoic Acid=C14 H5 O3 + HO. Contained in large quantities in the benzoin and other aromatic resins and balsams, mostly accompanied by cinnamic acid; in small quantities in different odoriferous seeds and roots; often confounded with cumarin. It is obtained best and without much loss by boiling the respective substance (finely contused when in a dry state) with milk of lime and water, filtering, evaporating the filtrate, oversaturating when cold with hydrochloric acid, collecting the crystalline deposit, pressing, dissolving in the least possible quantity of hot water, percolating, crystallising, collecting and drying. White lamina and needles of mother-of-pearl lustre, mostly of faintly benzoic odour and of slightly acid taste, which fuse at 120°, boil at 239°, but begin to volatilise already at 145°, while emitting vapours |