Lessons in Elementary Physiology

bones.

14. The reason of “sniffing.”

15. Essential parts of the organ of HEARING ; the mem-

13. Smell.

branous labyrinth, the scala media of the cochlea,

otoconia, fibres of Corti.

$ 16. The vestibule, semicircular canals, perilymph, endolymph.

17. The cochlea.

The scała tympani, scala vestibuli, scala

media.

18. The bony labyrinth.

19. The external meatus, tympanum, and Eustachian tube.

20. The auditory ossicles.

21. The muscles of the tympanum.

22. The concha.

23. Nature of sound.

24. Vibrations of the tympanum.

25. Transmission of the vibrations of the tympanum.

26. The action of the auditory ossicles.

27. By the membranous labyrinth we appreciate the quantity

or intensity of sound ; by the cochlea we discriminate the

quality of sounds.

28, 29. Probable function of the fibres of Corti.

30. The functions of the tympanic muscles. The Eustachian

tube.

LESSON IX.

THE ORGAN OF Sight. Pp. 214-235.

$ 1. General structure of the eye.

2. The surface of the retina; the macula lutra.

3. Microscopic structure of the retina.

4. The sensation of light.

5. The “blind spot."

6. Duration of a luminous impression.

7. Exhaustion of the retina. Complementary colours.

8. Colour blindness.

9. Sensation of lig!it from pressure on the eye. Phosthenes.

10. Functions of the rods and cones. The figures of Turkinje.

II---13. The properties of lenses.

14. The intermediate apparatus. The eyeball. The sclerotic

and cornea.

15. The aquecus and vitreous humours. The crystalline lens.

16. The choroid and ciliary processes.

17. The iris and ciliary muscle.

18. The iris a self-regulating diaphragm.

19. Focal adjustment.

§ 20. Experiment illustrating the power of adjustment possessed

by the eye.

21. The mechanism of adjustment explained.

22. Limits of the power of adjustment. Long and short

sight.

23. The muscles of the eyeball ; their action.

24. The eyelids.

25. The lachrymal apparatus.

LESSON X

THE COALESCENCE OF SENSATIONS WITH ONE ANOTHER

AND WITH OTHER STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS. Pp.

236——247.

§ 1. Many apparently simple sensations are, in reality,

composite.

2. The sensations of smell the least complicated.

3. Analysis of the sensation obtained by drawing the finger

along a table.

4. The notion of roundness a very complex judgment ;

Aristotle's experiment.

5. “ Delusions of the senses” in reality delusions of the

judgment.

6. Subjectire sensations ; delusions of the judgment through

abnormal bodily conditions. Auditory and ocular

spectra.

7. Case of Mrs. A. rclated by Sir David Brewster.

8. Ventriloquism.

9. Optical delusions.

10. Visual images referred to some point without the body.

11. The inversion of the visual image.

12. Distinct visual images referred by the mind to distinct

objects. Multiplying glasses.

13. The judgment of distance by the size and intensity o

visual images. Perspective.

14. Magnifying glasses.

15. Why the sun, or moon, looks large near the horizon.

16. The judgment of form by shadows.

17. The judgment of changes of form. The thaumatrope.

18. Single vision with two eyes.

19. The pseudoscope.

20. The judgment of solidity. The stereoscope.

LESSON XI.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND INNERVATION. Pp. 248—271.

§ 1. The nervous system.

2. The cerebro-spinal and sympathetic systems.

3. The membranes of the cerebro-spinal axis.

4. The spinal cord. The roots of the spinal nerves.

5. Transverse section of the spinal cord ; the white and grey

matter.

6. Physiological properties of nerves. Irritation.

7, 8. The anterior roots of the spinal nerves, motor; the posterior,

sensory.

9, 10. Molecular changes in a nerve when irritated. Propagation

of an impulse. Afferent and efferent nerves.

II. Properties of the spinal cord. Conduction of afferent and

efferent impulses.

12. Reflex action through the spinal cord.

13. One afferent nerve may affect, through reflex action,

several efferent nerves. Characters of reflex actions.

14. Conduction of efferent impulses by anterior white matter ;

of afferent impulses, by the grey matter. The crossing of

afferent impulses.

15. Vaso-motor centres.

16. The brain ; the outlines of its anatomy.

17. The arrangement of its white and grey matter.

18. The nerves given off from the brain.

19. The olfactory and optic nerves in reality processes of the

brain.

20. Effect of injuries to the medulla oblongata.

21. The crossing of efferent impulses in the medulla oblongata.

22. The functions of different parts of the brain. Intelligence

and Will reside in the cerebral hemispheres.

23. Reflex actions take place even when the brain is whole

and sound.

24. Many ordinary and very complicated muscular acts are

mere reflex processes.

25. Artificial reflex actions. Education.

26. The sympathetic system.

LESSON XII.

HISTOLOGY, OR THE MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE TISSUES.

Pp. 272—296.

§ 1. · The microscopical analysis of the body.

2. Nuclei, cells.

3. Epithelium and epidermis.

4. Nails.

5. Hairs.

6. The crystalline lens.

7. Cartilage.

8. Connective tissue.

9. Fat cells.

10. Pigment cells.

II. Bone. Growth of bone. Ossification.

12. Teeth.

13, 14. Development of teeth. Cutting of teeth.

15. Muscle, striated and smooth.

16. Nervous tissue ; nerve fibres and ganglionic corpuscles.

17. Tactile corpuscles.

18. The olfactory nerves.

19. Ganglionic corpuscles.

APPENDIX A.

TABLE OF ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSTANTS.

Pp. 297–301.

I. General statistics.

II. Digestion.

III. Circulation.

IV. Respiration.

V. Cutaneous excretion.

CASE OF MRS. A. Pp. 302–306.

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