duke of Burgoyne] Syr Thomas Cook late mayre, which before was peched of treason by a servaunt of the lordes Wenlokkes called Hawkyns and at the request of the sayd lady Margarete, uppon suertie, suffered to go at large, than was arrested and sent unto the Towre and his goods seased by the Lord Ryverse, than treasourer of England, and hys wyf put oute of hys howse and commytted to the charge of the mayer in whose place she lay a season after. And after the sayd Syr Thomas had lyen a tyme in ye Towre he was brought unto the Guyldhal, and there areygned of the sayde treason and quyt by sondry enquestes and after that commytted unto the Countour in Bradstrete and from thens to the Kynges benche in Southwarke, where he lay within the sayd pryson tyll his frendes agreed wyth Syr Johan Brandon, than kepar of ye sayd pryson, to take hym home to hys place where to hys great charge he remayned as prysoner longe after. In whych tyme and season he lost moch good, for bothe hys places in the countre and also in London were under the gydynge of the sayd lordes Ryvers servauntes, and of the servauntes of Syr Johan Fogge, than under treasourer, the whych spoyled and dystroyed moche thynge and over that moche of hys jewelles and plate wyth great substaunce of the marchaundyse as cloth of sylkes and clothes of aras were dyscovered by suche persones as he hadde betaken the sayd goodes to kepe, and came to the treasourers handes, which to the sayd Syr Thomas was a greate enemye."

At last the history tells that on paying to the King a fine of £8000, and 100 marks on each thousand pounds as an additional fine to the queen, he was released after "many good gyftes that he gave unto her counsayll."

13. agreuid, i.e. aggravated, made into mighty grievances.

17. for a pretext of treson, i.e. as a ground on which to accuse him of treason.

19. leger aquaintaunce. Apparently from the Fr. léger, light, slight. Cf. Bacon, Charge against Dudley, "It is weakness and disesteem of a man's self to put a man's life upon such ledgier performances."

26. fal at distaunce become estranged, alienated. Cf. Shaks. Macbeth, III. 1. 115, "in such bloody distance," i.e. "in such deadly enmity."

32. what about. We more frequently say now "what with this and what with that." Cf. Shaks. Measure for Measure, I. 2. 83, "What with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with poverty, I am custom-shrunk."

garland. For the use of this word victory, and the emblem of victory, cf. Shaks. Cor. 1. 9. 60, "Marcius wears this war's garland.” So Antony IV. 15. 64, "Withered is the garland of the war.'

P. 69, line 10. displesure. An offence given, not as now generally, an offence taken. Cf. Bp Pilkington, Works, p. 253, "This is the common practice of the world, that when a man is down, then even those which were his feigned friends afore, will be the first that shall work him displeasure."

In the original there is a not which seems superfluous before out of

peryl at the end of this sentence. It has therefore been omitted in the

text.

II. The allusion is to King Edward's murder of his brother Clarence.

18. proctoure, i. e. procurator, attorney, deputy. Cf. Shaks. Hen. VI. (pt. 2) I. I. 3, “I had in charge as procurator to your excellence," and Halle, Rich. III. anno 3, speaks of "affiances made and taken by proctors and deputies on both parties."

21. The sense is " And although it was so that the realm was in every part annoyed with this and other intolerable actions, yet, &c." Cf. 32. 31.

31. renoumed. Fr. renommé renowned. These forms from the French were common in More's day. Cf. Utopia, 166. 26, “the very famous and renoumed travailer Ulysses.'

P. 70, line 2. whiche youre kynde myndes, &c. The sense of the whole clause appears to be this: "Which kindly feelings of yours, exhibited towards the house of York, since he (Edward) has by no means worthily requited, there is one of that house who now by God's grace shall do so better, &c."

3. acquited. Halle reads "requited," which is the sense.

7. him that can better tell it. He alludes to Doctor Shaw and his "He

sermon.

21. groundly, i.e. "to the very ground, to the very bottom." made it all clear," cf. Tyndall, Works, p. 39, "The more groundly it is searched, the precioser thynges are found in it.”

23. liuing his very wife his true wife still living. So Shaks. Romeo III. 1. 115, "This gentleman, my very friend."

26. vnmetely. Cf. 13. 4.

29. that. In the text this word is the demonstrative pronoun. Another that (a conjunction) would be supplied after seme to make the sentence full. So the sense=It may well appear that that marriage was not well made, &c.

31. accoupling. A participial noun marriage. The verb is found in Bacon's Henry VII. (Pitt Press Series), p. 78, "King Charles sent a solemn ambassage, accoupling it with an article in the nature of a request."

P. 71, line 3. bearinge. This word refers to the protector, and is equal to ""who bears."

10. deuolute, i. e. devolved, descended unto. Cf. Fox, Martyrs, p. 329, "The Government was devoluted and brought into the priestes hands."

18. abusions, i.e. abuses, nearly always accompanied with the notion of deception. Cf. Spenser, F. Q. II. II. II, "Foolish delights and fond abusions." So in Dodsley, Lusty Juventus, II. p. 89, where God is addressed, "Alas his life is to Thy Word's abusion.'

19. haue condiscended=have agreed. Cf. Fabyan, Chron. an. 1361, "It was condiscended by the lords spiritual and temporal that Kyng Henry should contynue and reygne as kynge durynge his natural lyfe. Cf. also notes on 32. 7 and 58. 23, above.

27. The sense is: "to him that shall so well fill the office, as I am bold to say he will do, if he accept it," or wel before occupy may be a misprint in the original for wil.

30. Veh. The common orthography is Va. The text is from Ecclesiastes x. 16.

P. 72, line 1. of so sadde age, i. e. of such a sober age. Sad is the p. part. of the verb "to set," and so means properly, fixed, firm, stable. Cf. Pilkington, Works, p. 416, "A good builder will not build on the sand, but dig to the sad earth." So 73. 10, a sadde man "a stedfast trustworthy man.

66

17. framed, i.e. brought into a proper frame of mind.

24. The sense is, perchance they do not well understand you.

P. 73, line 3.

rowning whispering. The word is very frequently spelt "rounding." Cf. Lyly, Euphues, p. 71, “Ferardo, rounding Philautus in the eare, desired hym to accompanye hym.”

4. comen. Here Halle has " common." The meaning is "to commune or "confer."

9. Halle gives the name as "Thomas Fitzwilliam." see 72. I.

i. e. was loth, was unwilling.

66

On sadde,

12. loth was, 14. Made a repetition to the commons of that which, &c. 17. The sentence is not very clear, but nothing seems= = in nothing. So the sense would be: "But in nothing did all this make any change in the people." The double negative is not uncommon in the English of this time. Literally the words would run: "In nothing it made no change." Or the words may be taken as two clauses standing absolutely thus: "But all this effecting nothing, no change being made in the people.

18. alway after one, i. e. never changing or varying. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, 341,

"His brede, his ale, was always after one,"

i. e. always the same and equally good.

30.

one or other, i.e. one thing or the other; one way or another.

Halle has "base."

P. 74, line 1. distincke, i.e. distinct. 3. bushement a party lying in ambush. Cf. Goldyng, Justine, fol. 6, "Environing him with a bushment of soldiers layd before in the mountains for the same purpose."

and Nashefeldes. Halle gives "and one Nashfield," which is no doubt the right reading. The man was some notorious person among the protector's retainers, whose name was known far and wide. In Hardyng too it stands "and one Nashfielde."

For longing belonging cf. Shaks. All's Well, IV. 2. 42, "It is an honour longing to our house": also Taming of Shrew, IV. 4. 7, "Such austerity as longeth to a father."

7. gyue, i.e. would allow of.

9. cast back theyr heddes, i.e. turned their heads round and looked back.

23. semblaunce, i.e. aspect, look. Cf. Shaks. Romeo, I. 5. 76, "Put off these frowns, an ill-beseeming semblance for a feast."

29.

assembling themselves together. Halle adds "at Paules."

30. Baynardes castell. This fortress stood near the bank of the Thames on the north side of the river and gave name to one of the city Wards. It was burnt down in 1428, afterwards rebuilt by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and at the time of this history it was in the hands of Richard, Duke of Gloucester. The building of Baynard's castle has been long ago pulled down, and its place is now occupied by timber yards, wharfs and private buildings. See Maitland's Hist. of London, pp. 878, 879.

32. aprointmente is here in the original, but it is evidently a clerical error for appointmente, which has therefore been printed in the

text.

P. 75, line 5. obstacles.

15. to purpose
17. and get not
18.
ouer them.

of hym."

made difficultie, i.e. made a demur, opposed

to propose, and so below in lines 23 and 31.
and gat not. Cf. above, 6. 14.

Here Halle inserts "with a bishop on every hande

30. as as though.

P. 76, line 2. pardon = permission, as in the common phrase "I beg your pardon," which really means "I ask your permission." See

77. 14.

13. in that that in as much that. This double that is not unlike the style of the time and the book. Cf. above, 2. 13.

15. vnder hys obeysaunce, i.e. in obedience to him. Thus the expression under his rule, though obeysaunce is the reverence paid to the ruler, not the rule which he exercises.

18. That although it were so that, &c.

21.

that so muche, i. e. that he so much.

30. More pain than pleasure for him who would use it in such a way, as unless a man would use it he was not worthy to have it.

P. 77, line 5. dever. Fr. devoir = duty.

8. Such persons as before were the occasion of the contrary (i.e. of the bad state of the realm) and who again anew intended so to be...

12. rouned, cf. 73. 3.

pronoun, "he

15. that. Here it seems to be the demonstrative shewed to the protector that (conclusion) for a final one," &c.

16. appointed, cf. 59. 15.

17. Both because they had now proceeded so far that there was no safety in going back, as well as because they thought it to be for the general welfare to take these steps were it even so that they had not yet begun to do it.

23. resolute aunswere. A fixed inflexible answer, which no argument can change.

27. of likelyhoode = in all probability, cf. 41. 7.

33. whom refers to the English people understood in the words "the realm" preceding.

P. 78, line 7. Which of all the titles that might be we consider to be the most valid.

15. established is in the original here but is clearly an error for "establish," which is given in the text.

16. And we ask of God to live no longer than while we attend to the securing of its (the realm's) advancement.

21.

as his fantasye gaue hym, i.e. as his fancy suggested to him. 30. for the manner sake=by reason of the way of proceeding.

not bee a-knowen=not seem cognizant, seem to be ignorant of. For the word, which is not usual, cf. Shaks. Othello III. 3. 319, where Iago having obtained from Emilia the handkerchief says to her: "Be not acknown on't. I have use for it," meaning "Don't let it be known what has become of it. Keep it a secret. Cf. also Chaucer, Court of Love, 1199,

"Eek Shamefastnes was there, as I took hede,
That blushed red, and durst not ben aknow
She lover was, for thereof had she drede,"

i.e. she durst not admit to herself or seem aware that she was in love. 32. bulles. The writs from the Papal Court which secure his election.

33. and thoughe even though. The and here is the word sometimes written an, and mostly if. Sometimes we find the double form an if or and if exactly equivalent to if. Cf. Shaks. Tempest, II. 2. 120,

"These be fine things, an if they be not sprites."

But this same word an sometimes though. See Shaks. 2 Hen. VI. IV. 7. 112, "He shall die, an it be but for pleading so well for his life," and More's text here gives an instance of and (or an) though though.

=a shoemaker.

P. 79, line 5. sowter (Lat. sutor)=

6. can. In its earlier sense of ken to know. "If one should know so little as to shew at an untimely moment, &c."

8. tormentors. In the plays the Sultan was always attended by executioners and agents for punishing wrongdoers. For the word cf. Bacon's Hen. VII. (Pitt Press Series), 114. 5, "two butchers or

tormentors."

9. and worthy. An elliptical expression=" and he is worthy of being so treated," "and serve him right."

P. 80, line 6. the saintuary by, i.e. close by, near at hand. For the protector was in Westminster Hall. See 79. 18.

9. a vanitye a mere empty parade and show.

13. Halle says the "nineteenth day of June," and states that the coronation took place "on the 6th day of July." Also after line 17 there is introduced, in Halle, an account of the coronation.

22. the beste death. More speaks of it thus because it was the best thing for the nation to be rid of this king.