6. the land. Here is meant the territory in France at that time held by the English.

12. Calyce, i.e. Calais. There was the strongest English force and Hammes was close by.

17. sorte of menne. Cf. Grindal, Works, p. 44, "Christ ministered this sacrament, not to great and deep philosophers, but to a sort of ignorant and unlearned fishers." Sort company.

22. to strength. Formerly common where we now use strengthen. Cf. Fabyan, Chronicle, c. 156, "His body was viii foot long, and his armes and leggys well lengthed and strengthed after the proporcion of the body."

66

23. layde harde to their charge that were without. This means 'they charged heavily upon their assailants outside."

25. of the backe side, i.e. in the rear.

P. 113, line 6. fooles paradice, cf. 109, 25, note. Cf. also Lyly, Euphues, p. 69, "Smiling to himself to see how he had brought Philautus into a fool's paradise."

8. should...to wake. The to here is superfluous. But in old times to was not inserted before any infinitive governed by another verb. Thus should to wake is but an extension of what has been done throughout the whole of the modern language. Cf. 11. 10. supra and note there.

27.

as who say.

This seems as they mean who say. Cf. 13. 5 supra, and infra 121, 23 for a fuller phrase. 31. furth, i.e. forward, with the history. P. 114, line 2. Charles the kyng. This was Charles VIII. of France, who began to reign in 1483, being only then thirteen years old.

3. Lewes prynce of Orlyaunce. This was Louis, duke of Orleans, the first noble of the blood royal, and who afterwards became Louis XII.

5. John, i.e. Joan, Jeanne, the sister of Charles VIII. and second daughter of Louis XI.

25. purchased. In the simple sense of "procured" without anything of the modern idea of obtaining by payment. Cf. Shaks. Winter's Tale, IV. 4. 522, “ Purchase the sight again of dear Sicilia.” 28. secrete of their counsel = acquainted with all their plans.

P. 115, line 11. Roan, i. e. Rouen.

13. and purposed, i.e. and that he (Richard) purposed.

15.

Cicile. See I. II and note.

19. dashed = disappointed, frustrated. Cf. Shaks. Hen. VI. (pt. 3), II. I. 118," With a full intent to dash our late decree."

26. Lorde Harbart. William Lord Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, and afterwards Earl of Huntingdon.

32. Henry. This was Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland.

P. 116, line 4. the reign of Hen. granted on 9 Oct.

John ap Morgan. In the Materials illustrative of VII. we find the office of Clerk of the parliaments 1485 to John Morgan, and under the same name we

find mention of one styled "the kings clerk and councillor." He is mentioned here as a temporal lawyer, because the offices of the law were at this time generally held by the clergy. All the Lord Chancellors before the days of Sir Thomas More himself had been clerics.

5. Also to Ryce ap Thomas are granted 3 Nov. 1485 the offices of constable, lieutenant and steward of the lordship of Brecknock, and three days later the office of Chamberlain of South Wales. Cf. 118. 8.

6. On 19th Sept. 1484 grants were made by Henry VII. to Christopher Savage, son of Sir John Savage (in consideration of true and faithful service as well for the repressing of our rebels and traitors as otherwise), also to James Savage, another son of Sir John, and to John Savage, the younger, then to Sir John Savage himself, and afterwards to Edward Savage, another of his sons. So that the whole family were high in favour with the new king.

6. his part of course means Henry's part, though them is pronoun immediately preceding.

12. lynger retard. Not very common with an objective case after it. But cf. Shaks. Mids. Night. I. I. 4, "She lingers my desires."

15. calendes, the first day in any month in the Roman almanac. The word is that from which we derive "calendar." There is clearly some error in the text, for the seventh day after the first could not be the 22nd of the month, but the 8th. Moreover, August 22nd was the day of the battle of Bosworth, between which and the day of Henry's landing some time must have elapsed. It is singular in connexion with these wrong dates, that the rolls of Parliament date the reign of Henry VII. as commencing 21 Aug. 1485, the day before the battle of Bosworth was fought.

21. Harford, i. e. Haverford.

25. make. This use of the verb as=' effect,'' do,' is like its sense in the phrase 'neither meddle nor make.'

31. in a redynesse. Cf. III. 31, and note there, also 117. 21; 118. 12; 122. 18.

32. Gespare the Erle, i.e. Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, who was uncle of Henry VII., and was created duke of Bedford, 27 Oct. 1485.

P. 117, line 3. Carmerdine, i.e. Carmarthen.

5. toke himselfe to, i.e. betook himself to, applied himself to. Cf. Shaks. Pericles, III. 4. 10, 'a vestal livery will I take me to.'

9. was quiet, cf. supra, 109, 20.

30. were. This verb has been drawn into the plural by the word commaundementes immediately preceding it.

P. 118, line 10. rewardes of them, i.e. rewards received from them.

13. this tidynges. "Tidings was used indiscriminately as singular or plural in the English of Shakespeare's time. Cf. Macbeth, I. 5. 31, "What is your tidings?" So Rich. II., II. 1. 272, "How near the tidings of our comfort is." See below, 120. 25.

27. Aderstone, i.e. Atherston in Warwickshire, 9 miles east of Tamworth.

30. telled, unusual form for told; cf. 120. 17. The son alluded to is Lord Strange; cf. 112. 1.

P. 119, line 2. to be past upon, i e. to be regarded. Cf. Pilkington, Works, p. 180: "No kind of fruit had prosperously increased all these years, yet they passed but lightly on it." So to p. 529, "To break God's commandment, they passed not of it, so that they might follow their own device."

P. 120, line 13. that was worthy that which, i.e. a matter which was worthy (to be noticed).

18.

sonnes, an error in the original for sonne. son in Richard's hands. See 112. I.

There was but one

20. The preparation on the part of King Richard was not so weak as was reported to him by his friends. For slender in this sense cf. below, 123. 5; and Shaks. Two Gentlemen, I. 36,

"Other men, of slender reputation,

Put forth their sons to seek preferment out."

P. 121, line 17. Grants were made by King Henry to Simon Digby on 22 Sept. 1485, and to Brian Sandeford on Nov. 30th of the same year.

31. semyng, apparently=fancying, but of this use I find no parallel. Perhaps the sentence is elliptical for "it seeming."

P. 122, line II. towarde the latter daye, i.e. when the end is near.

12.

them selfe, i.e. the offences.

25. Northfolke, i.e. Norfolk. This was John Lord Howard who had become duke of Norfolk in right of his wife in 1483.

P. 123, line 1. in an ordre. Where we now say "in order." Cf. below 124. II. With an anger with anger.

14. double to, i.e. twice as much as.

26. "To pay home" is "to pay in full, satisfactorily," cf. Shaks. Tempest, "I will pay thy graces home." Also Winter's Tale, v. 2. 4, "All my services you have paid home."

P. 124, line 6. more freshlier. Double comparatives and superlatives were not unusual in More's day. Cf. Shaks., Tempest, 1. 2. 19, more better, and 439 in the same scene more braver.

7. first wardes. As the van was called the forward of the host, so all the front would constitute the first-wardes.

9. fewe. This word is so rarely used with a singular noun as here, that it seems likely for "compaigny" we should read "compaignys."

21. to keep tacke appears to mean "to manage," "to succeed." Can it be tact? I don't know the phrase.

22. whiche then was. This refers to the men, but the singular is used for the plural. Cf. 109. 20; 117. 9.

P. 125, line 20. For xxvii. should be read xxii., and in the following line 1485 for 1486. These are signs that the continuation of Hardyng had not been revised, but was left by the author as much in the rough as we have already noticed to have been the case with More's own work.

22. a=have. This is colloquial English to the present time, and was so in More's day. Cf. Shaks. Hamlet, IV. 5. 64, "So would I a done," and Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. 17, "She might a been a grandam." Another instance comes in line 23 below.

P. 126, line 6. cannot bee expressed, i.e. the event speaks louder than any words could do, as a warning to deter others.

6. The is is omitted in the original, but clearly by mistake, probably through this being the word just before it.

15. heled, i.e. tended so that they might be healed.

Hardyng's continuator both here and 107, 8 uses immortal in a manner peculiar to himself=the memory of which shall be preserved. There immortal benefite = an aid which he would never forget, and here the thanks are called immortal because they were not given for the moment only, but to be ever continued.

word.

17. neuer forget. His grants prove that he was as good as his ""that which was Cf. Earle's Micro

25. carriage in old English meant "baggage carried," not "the vehicle in which men rode.' cosmographie, p. 41, "Not loaden with any carriage beside."

33. was buried. Ten years later Henry caused a tomb to be erected over the grave.

P. 127, line 15. The sense is: Which death he would rather suffer by the sword, than he would by shameful flight try and save his life which afterwards might chance to perish by sickness. There is a somewhat similar use of the word favour in Shaks. Com. of Errors, I. I. 150, "Yet I will favour thee in what I can.

Beg thou, or borrow to make up the sum

And live, if not, then thou art doomed to die."