continued by Monstrelet (No. 1818). See Mary Darmesteter, Froissart, Paris, 1894 (translated by E. F. Poynter, London, 1895); and the literature in Potthast's Bibliotheca, i. 474-5. For other editions and translations, besides those mentioned above, see ibid., i. 472-4. There is a severe criticism of the part of the chronicle relating to English history in Pauli's Geschichte von England (Gotha, 1855), iv. 731-2.

1778. GAIMAR, GEOFFREY. L'estorie des Engles solum la translacion maistre Geffrei Gaimar [A.D. 495-1100, with a translation], ed. T. D. Hardy and C. T. Martin. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1888-89.- Other editions: to 1066, in Petrie's Monumenta, pp. 764-829, London, 1848; A.D. 1066–1100, in Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, i. 1-64, Rouen, 1836; A.D. 495-1100, by Thomas Wright, Caxton Soc., London, 1850. - Translated by Joseph Stevenson, Church Historians of England, vol. ii. pt. ii. : Gaimar. London, 1854.

This rhyming French chronicle was written between 1135 and 1147. For the period before the Norman Conquest its chief sources are Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. For the portion after 1066 the author is indebted to Florence of Worcester or Simeon of Durham. Gaimar was a Norman by birth. Concerning his life little is known; he seems to have resided in Lincolnshire. See [H. T. Riley], Gaimar the Trouvère, in Gentleman's Magazine, 1857, cciii. 21-34.

1779. Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvan auctore canonico Bridlingtoniensi, cum continuatione [Gesta Edwardi Tertii] ad A.D. 1377, ed. William Stubbs, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I. and Edward II., ii. 25-151. Rolls Series. London, 1883.

A brief chronicle of the reign of Edward II., written by a canon of the priory of Bridlington. It did not assume its present shape before 1377, although the earlier portion seems to rest on contemporary material. After 1339 the continuation comprises incidental jottings of little value. Stubbs ranks the work high among the second rate authorities for the history of a period which is singularly deficient in first rate authorities.'

1780. Gesta Herwardi incliti exulis et militis, ed. T. D. Hardy and C. T. Martin, Gaimar's L'Estorie des Engles, i. 339-404. Rolls Series. London, 1888. Other editions (bad): in Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, ii. 1-98, Rouen, 1836; in Thomas Wright's Chronicle of Gaimar, app. 46-108, Caxton Soc., London, 1850.

Professes to have been compiled from an English life of Hereward written by his priest Leofric; but Liebermann contends that it was written about 1150 by Richard, a monk of Ely, who died before 1189. Freeman says: 'The early part of the story in the Gesta is plainly mere romance, but when we get Hereward in

the Isle we are on somewhat surer ground.' See Freeman, Norman Conquest, vol. iv. app. OO; and Liebermann, Ueber Ostenglische Geschichtsquellen, in Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere Deutsche Geschichte, 1892, xviii. 23843.

1781. *Gesta Stephani regis Anglorum [1135-47], ed. Richard Howlett, Chronicles and Memorials of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., iii. 3-136. Rolls Series. London, 1886. Other editions in Duchesne's Historia Normannorum Scriptores, 927-75, Paris, 1619; reprinted by R. C. Sewell, English Hist. Soc., London, 1846. — Translated by Thomas Forester: The chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon; also The acts of Stephen. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. London, 1853. - Translated by Joseph Stevenson, Church Historians of England, vol. v. pt. i.: Acts of King Stephen. London, 1858.

The author was an eye-witness of many of the events which he narrates, and his book is our chief authority for the history of England during the years 1142– 47. Though he was a partisan of Stephen, he is fair and accurate. Normandy seems to have been his native land, and he was probably chaplain to Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester.

1782. *GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS (GERALD DE BARRI, d. circa 1220). Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer; vols. v.-vii. by J. F. Dimock; vol. viii. by G. F. Warner. Rolls Series. 8 vols. London, 1861-91. The historical works of Giraldus Cambrensis: The topography of Ireland and The conquest of Ireland, translated by Thomas Forester; The itinerary through Wales and The description of Wales, translated by R. C. Hoare. Revised by Thomas Wright. Revised by Thomas Wright. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. London, 1863. - 1st edition of Hoare's translation: The itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales, A.D. 1188 [and The description of Wales]. 2 vols. London, 1806.

Topographia Hibernica, in Gerald's Opera, v. 1-204, London, 1867; and in Camden's Anglica, etc., Scripta, 692-754, Frankfort, 1602 (also 1603). The first recension appeared in 1188. Gerald collected material for this description of Ireland and its inhabitants, and for his Expugnatio, during his two visits to Ireland in 1183 and 1185-86.

Expugnatio Hibernica, 1166-85, in Gerald's Opera, v. 205-411; and in Camden's Anglica, etc., Scripta, 755-813. This history of Henry II.'s conquest of Ireland was completed about 1188. Hardy calls it the most valuable of Gerald's writings, and believes that as an historical monograph it may challenge comparison with any existing work of a similar nature.' Brewer also rates Gerald's two treatises on Ireland high among historical sources. On the other hand, Dimock, while admitting that they are in many ways interesting and valuable,' denies that they are 'sober, truthful history.' Gerald's tone is certainly hostile to the Irish, and his works on Ireland must therefore be used with caution.

Other

Itinerarium Cambria, in Gerald's Opera, vi. 1-152, Lond editions: by David Powel, Pontici Virunnii Britanniæ History Sex, 47230, London, 1585; in Camden's Anglica, etc., Scripta, 815 i London, 1602 (also 1603); by R. C. Hoare, London, 1804 (also 1806). This account of Archbishop Baldwin's pilgrimage in Wales in 11 crusade; it also deals with the topography, natural history, etc., of Wales. first recension appeared in 1191, the third about 1214.

nerary gives an to preach the

The

Descriptio Cambria in two books, in Gerald's Opera, vi. 153-227, London, 1868. Other editions: bk. i., by David Powel, Pontici Virunnii Britanniæ Historia Libri Sex, 231-77, London, 1585; bk. i., in Camden's Anglica, etc., Scripta, 879-96, London, 1602 (also 1603); bk. ii., in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, ii. 447-55, London, 1691; bks. i.-ii., by R. C. Hoare, with the Itinerarium Cambriæ, London, 1804 (also 1806). The first recension appeared about 1194; the second about 1215. Dimock regards this as the most valuable of Gerald's treatises.

Gerald was archdeacon of Brecknock. He was twice elected to the see of St. Davids, but failed to secure possession of it. For his other works, concerning the church, etc., see No. 2242. Besides Brewer's preface to vol. i. of Gerald's Opera and the biography prefixed to Hoare's translation of the Itinerarium, the following works deal with his life and writings :-Aristide Joly, Etudes Anglo-Normandes : Gérold le Gallois, in Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen, 1887-88, pp. 117-80; 1889, pp. 3-73; Caen, 1887-89., Valuable. -John Lynch, Cambrensis Eversus, 1662, edited, with a translation, by Matthew Kelly, Celtic Soc., 3 vols., Dublin, 1848-52. The first edition, 1662, appeared under the pseudonym Gratianus Lucius.' This valuable work is not confined to a refutation of Gerald's views concerning Ireland, but enters largely into Irish history. Henry Owen, Gerald the Welshman, London, 1889.-Stephanus Vitus (Stephen White), Apologia pro Hibernia adversus Cambri Calumnias, ed. Matthew Kelly, Dublin, 1849: a refutation of Gerald's statements regarding Ireland, written early in the 17th century.

The metrical chronicle of

1783. GLOUCESTER, ROBERT OF. Robert of Gloucester [from Brutus to 1270], ed. W. A. Wright. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1887. Another edition, by Thomas Hearne, 2 vols., Oxford, 1724; and in Works of Thomas Hearne, vols. i.-ii., London, 1810. - Translation: No. 597.

Beyond the fact that he was probably a monk of Gloucester, who wrote about A.D. 1300, nothing is known concerning the author of this English poem. The earlier portion, to 1135, may have been written by another person. A large part of the chronicle is derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth, Henry of Huntingdon, William of Malmesbury, and the Annals of Waverley. The contemporary narrative of the barons' war in the time of Henry III. is of some value. See Karl Brossmann, Ueber die Quellen der Chronik des Robert von Gloucester, Striegau, [1887], pp. 51; W. Ellmer, Ueber die Quellen der Reimchronik Roberts von Gloucester, Halle, 1886, pp. 37, and in Anglia, 1888, x. 1-37, 291-322; Hans Strohmeyer, Der Stil der Reimchronik Roberts von Gloucester, eine Untersuchung zur Ermittelung der Verfasser dieses Werkes, Berlin, 1891, pp. 106.

1784. GRAY, THOMAS (d. 1369). Scalacronica: a chronicle of England and Scotland [ed. Joseph Stevenson]. Maitland Club. Edinburgh, 1836.

Written in French; begun in 1355 while the author was a prisoner in Edinburgh. Extends from the creation, but Stevenson edits only the part 1066-1362. The title 'Scalacronica' points to the scaling ladder in the Gray arms. A large portion of the chronicle is based on Bede, Higden, and other well-known writers; but it contains some useful information concerning the reigns of Edward II. and Edward III., especially concerning the wars between England and Scotland. Gray was lord of Heaton manor in Northumberland.

1785. GREGORY, WILLIAM (d. 1467). Gregory's Chronicle, 1189-1469, ed. James Gairdner, Historical Collections of a Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, 55-239. Camden Soc. [London], 1876.

A London city chronicle, which devotes much attention to national transactions. The most valuable part, 19-30 Henry VI. (1440-52), seems to have been written by William Gregory, who was mayor of London in 1451. The work contains one of the best accounts of Cade's rebellion. See George Kriehn, The English Rising in 1450 (Strasburg, 1892), 8-16.

1786. HALL, EDWARD (d. 1547). Hall's Chronicle [1399-1547], collated with the editions of 1548 and 1550 [ed. Henry Ellis]. London, 1809.

There is a second title-page, a copy of that of the earlier editions: The Union of the Families of Lancaster and York. The first edition seems to have been published in 1542. The work is a glorification of the house of Tudor, but it gives some useful particulars regarding English history in the 15th century. Hall was a citizen of London and a lawyer by profession.

1787. HARDYNG, JOHN (d. circa 1465). Chronicle, from the earliest period of English history [to 1461], together with the continuation by Richard Grafton to 34 Henry VIII., ed. Henry Ellis. London, 1812. Two separate editions, with the continuation, were printed in 1543.

Hardyng's Chronicle is in English verse, but Grafton (d. circa 1572) wrote his continuation in prose. Hardyng's work, which was completed about 1465, is t little historical value, though it affordss ome information regarding the reigns of Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., and Edward IV. He took part in the battle of Agincourt, and was employed by Henry V. and Henry VI. to secure documents supporting the claim of England to the fealty of the Scotch kings. These documents were forgeries. Hardyng was for many years constable of the castle of Kyme, in Lincolnshire.

1788. *HEMINGBURGH, WALTER OF (d. after 1313). Chronicon Walteri de Hemingburgh, vulgo Hemingford nuncupati, de gestis. regum Angliæ [1048-1346], ed. H. C. Hamilton. English Hist. Soc. 2 vols. London, 1848-49. Other editions: the part 1066-1273, in Gale's Scriptores Quinque, 453-594, Oxford, 1687; 1274-1346, by Thomas Hearne, 2 vols., Oxford, 1731.

The early part is drawn from Henry of Huntingdon, William of Newburgh, and other chroniclers. The account of the reigns of the three Edwards is original, and is derived chiefly from personal knowledge and contemporary report. There is a gap in the text comprising the years 1316-26. The author inserts many documents into his narrative, some of which are not found elsewhere. Hardy (Catalogue of Materials, iii. 255) believes that the portion 1297-1346 was written by a continuator, and Liebermann asserts that Hemingburgh's work probably ends with the year 1313; but Hamilton contends that the whole chronicle, to 1346, was written by Walter of Hemingburgh. He was a canon regular of the priory of Gisburn, in Yorkshire, and hence is sometimes called Walter of Gisburn.

1789. Henrici Quinti Angliæ regis gesta [1413-16, together with an abridgment of Elmham's Vita Henrici V., 1417-22], ed. Benjamin Williams. English Hist. Soc. London, 1850. Also printed in No. 1746.

Often called the Chronicle of the Chaplain, because it was written by a chaplain in Henry V.'s army. Williams surmises that the author was Jean de Bordin, who accompanied Henry on his first French campaign; but the work was probably written by an Englishman, in 1416. He was an eye-witness of many of the events which he describes; and he gives a detailed account of the siege of Harfleur and the battle of Agincourt. He is the best authority on the first four years of Henry V.'s reign. Williams, pp. 167-262, also prints the Chronique de Normandie, 1414-22, by Georges Chastelain (d. 1475), with an English translation. It gives a good account of Henry V.'s residence in Paris.

1790. HERD, JOHN (d. 1588). Historia quattuor regum Angliæ [1460-1509], ed. Thomas Purnell. Roxburghe Club. London, 1868.

A metrical chronicle derived mainly from Hall and Vergil (Nos. 1786, 1854).

1791. HEXHAM, JOHN OF (d. circa 1209). Historia Johannis prioris Hagustaldensis ecclesiæ xxv. annorum [1130-54], ed. Thomas Arnold, Symeonis Monachi Opera, ii. 284-332. Rolls Series. London, 1885.- Other editions: in Twysden's Scriptores X., 257-82, London, 1652; by James Raine, Priory of Hexham, i. 107-72, Surtees Soc., Durham, etc., 1864. Translated by Joseph