1837, pt. ii. p. 326; Nautical Mag. 1837, p. 616; west both for his excellence as a preacher and the uniform perfect propriety of his private conduct.' His sermons, though described by Dr. Johnson as too widely suggestive to be 'practical,' were greatly esteemed for fifty years after his death, were favourite reading with Lord Chatham, and were long prescribed for theological students at Oxford. He published a selection of them in 1739. One on 'The Origin and Obligations of Government' was reprinted by Edmund Burke in the form of a pamphlet in 1793, as being the best antidote against Jacobin principles. Another, separately published in 1731, was entitled Liberty: a Sermon preached in the Cathedral Church of St. Peter, Exon, on Thursday, 16 Sept. 1731, before the Gentlemen educated in the Free School at Exeter under the Rev. Mr. Reynolds.' It contained some reflections upon the nonconformists, which were answered in 'Fate and Force, or Mr. Mudge's Liberty set in a true Light,' London, 1732. According to John Fox (1693–1763) [q. v.], Mudge had a great measure of contempt for all our [nonconformist] great men, both divines and philosophers; he allowed them indeed to be honest, but then he said they saw but a little way.' MUDGE, ZACHARIAH (1694-1769), divine, was born at Exeter, of humble parentage, in 1694. His immediate ancestry has not been traced, but the family of Mugge or Mudge, though undistinguished, was of very old standing in Devonshire. A branch migrated to New England in the seventeenth century, and has borne many vigorous offshoots (see ALFRED MUDGE, Memorial of the Mudge Family in America, Boston, 1868). After attending Exeter grammar school Zachary was sent in 1710 to the nonconformist academy of Joseph Hallett III [q. v.] When still among his lesson-books he fell violently in love with a certain Mary Fox, whose refusal to give serious attention to his protestations drove him in despair to take the road for London, but he returned to Exeter after three weeks of severe experiences. In 1711 one George Trosse, whose high estimate of Zachary's abilities had led him to pay for his schooling, died, and left the young man half of his library. This included a number of Hebrew works, which gave Mudge an incentive to study that language. About 1713 he left Hallett's, and Mudge was made a prebendary of Exeter became second master in the school of John in 1736. In 1744 he issued a work for which he Reynolds, vicar of St. Thomas the Apostle had long been preparing, An Essay towards in Exeter. John Reynolds's son Samuel, a New English Version of the Book of Psalms master of Exeter grammar school, was the from the original Hebrew,' London, 1744, father of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Mudge 4to. The translation is conservative of the soon became the intimate friend of three gene- old phraseology, and the rendering of parrations of the family. In 1714 he married ticular psalms is often very happy. The his former love, Mary Fox. In the winter punctuation was novel, the notes more inof 1717-18 he left Exeter to become master genious than solid;' the conjectures as to the of Bideford grammar school. While at Bide- authorship of individual psalms are for the ford he entered into a long correspondence time enlightened. In 1759, after the last with Bishop Weston of Exeter on the doc- mason's work had been completed on the trines of the established church, which re- Eddystone lighthouse, and 'Laus Deo' cut sulted in his relinquishing his purpose of upon the last stone set over the door of the joining the nonconformist ministry and join- lantern, Smeaton conducted Mudge, his old ing the church of England. At the same friend, to the summit of his 'tower of the time he remitted 50l. to the West of Eng-winds.' There in the lantern, upon Mudge's land Nonconformist Association to indemnify his former co-religionists for the expenses of his education. He was ordained deacon in the church of England on 21 Sept. 1729, and priest on the following day. In December of the same year he was instituted to the living of Abbotsham, near Bideford, on the presentation of Lord-chancellor King, and in August 1732 he obtained the valuable living of St. Andrew's, Plymouth. Mudge appears to have been virtually a deist, and his sound common sense and serenity of mind harmonised well with the unemotional form of religion that was dominant in his day. Boswell describes him as 'idolised in the lead, the pair 'raised their voices in praise to God, and joined together in singing the grand Old Hundredth Psalm, as a thanksgiving for the successful conclusion of this arduous undertaking.' Smeaton was only one of a number of distinguished friends by whom Mudge was greatly esteemed. Johnson was introduced to him by Reynolds in 1762. Edmund Burke, when informing Malone that it was to Mudge that Reynolds owed his disposition to generalise and his first rudiments of speculation,' goes on to say: 'I myself have seen Mr. Mudge at Sir Joshua's house. He was a learned and venerable old man, and, as I 6 thought, very conversant in the Platonic philosophy, and very fond of that method of philosophising.' Sir Joshua always used to say that Mudge was the wisest man he had met in his life. It was his definition of beauty as the medium of form that Reynolds adopted in his Discourses,' and he often spoke of republishing Mudge's sermons, and prefixing a memoir from his own pen. Mudge's shrewdness and foresight are well illustrated by his retort to his son John, when the latter remonstrated with him for exhibiting no elation upon the news of Wolfe's victory at Quebec: Son, son, it will do very well whilst the Americans have the sea on one side and the French on the other; but take away the French, and they will not want our protection.' Mudge died at Coffleet, Devonshire, on the first stage of his annual pilgrimage to London, on 2 April 1769. He was buried by the communion table of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, and his funeral sermon was preached by John Gandy, his curate for many years, who also (as Mudge had desired) succeeded to the vicarage. Dr. Johnson drew his character in the London Chronicle' for 2 June in monumental terms. His principles both of thought and action were great and comprehensive. By a solicitous examination of objections and judicious comparison of opposite arguments he attained what inquiry never gives but to industry and perspicuity-a firm and unshaken settlement of conviction; but his firmness was without asperity, for knowing with how much difficulty truth was sometimes found, he did not wonder that many missed it. . . . Though studious he was popular, though argumentative he was modest, though inflexible he was candid, and though metaphysical he was orthodox.' By his first wife, Mary, Mudge had four sons-Zachariah (1714-1753), a surgeon, who died on board an Indiaman at Canton; Thomas [q.v.]; Richard (1718-1773), who took orders, and was distinguished locally for his compositions for, and performances on, the harpsichord; and John [q. v.]—and one daughter, Mary. Mudge married, secondly, in 1762, Elizabeth Neell, who survived him many years, and died in 1782. The first Mrs. Mudge is said to have been of a parsimonious disposition. At Dr. Johnson's eighteenth cup of tea she on one occasion hazarded, 'What another, Dr. Johnson!' 'Madam, you are rude!' retorted her guest, who proceeded without interruption to his extreme limit of five and twenty. Mudge was painted on three several occasions by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in 1761, 1762, and 1766 respectively. The third portrait is the most noteworthy, being, as Leslie says, a noble head, painted with great grandeur, and the most perfect truth of effect.' The chin rests on the hand, and Chantrey, who carved the whole composition in full relief for St. Andrew's, Plymouth, stated that, when the marble was placed in the right light and shadow, the shape of the light falling behind the hand and on the band and gown was exactly the same in the bust as in the picture. So great indeed was his admiration for the painting that he offered to execute the bust without charge if he might retain the picture. Johnson, ed. G. B. Hill, i. 378, iv. 77, 79, 98; [Mr. S. R. Flint's Mudge Memoirs; Boswell's Nichols's Lit. Anecd. viii. 675, 676; Account of the Life of Reynolds by Edmund Malone, xxxiii, xcviii; Northcote's Life of Reynolds, 1818, i. 112-15; Conversations of James Northcote, 1830, pp. 85-9; J. B. Rowe's Ecclesiastical Hist. of Old Plymouth, p. 37; Chalmers's Biog. Dict. xxii. 493-4; Darling's Cycl. Bibl. col. 2131; McClintock and Strong's Cyclop. vi. 717; Horne's Introduction to Critical Study of Scripture, v. 321; T. S. Orme's Bibl. Biblica, 1824, p. 323.] MUDGE, ZACHARY (1770-1852), admiral, a younger son, by his third wife, of Dr. John Mudge [q. v.], and half-brother of Major-general William Mudge [q. v.], was born at Plymouth on 22 Jan. 1770. From November 1780 he was borne on the books of the Foudroyant, with Captain Jervis, afterwards Earl of St. Vincent [q. v.], and is said to have been actually on board her when she captured the Pégase on 21 April 1782. During the next seven years he served on the home and North American stations, for some time as midshipman of the Pégase; and on 24 May 1789 was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In December 1790 he was appointed to the Discovery, with Captain George Vancouver [q. v.], then starting on his celebrated voyage of exploration_on the north-west coast of America. In February 1794 he was moved into the Providence, with Commander W. R. Broughton [q. v.], and on 24 Nov. 1797 he was promoted to be commander. In November 1798 he was appointed to the Fly sloop, employed on the coast of North America. On 15 Nov. 1800 he was advanced to post rank, and in April 1801 was appointed to the Constance of 24 guns, in which he was employed convoying merchant ships or cruising with some success against the enemy's privateers. In September 1802 he was moved into the 32-gun frigate Blanche in the West Indies. During 1803 and 1804 she effected many captures both of the enemy's merchant ships and privateers. On 19 July 1805, as she was carrying despatches from Jamaica, intended for Lord Nelson at Barbados, she fell in with a small French squadron, consisting of the 40-gun frigate Topaze, two heavy corvettes, and a briz, which brought her to action about ten in the forenoon. In a little over an hour she was reduced to a wreck and struck her colours; Mudge and the rest of the officers and crew were taken out of her, and towards evening she sank. Both at the time and afterwards it was questioned whether Mudze had made the best possible defence (JAMES, Naval History, edit. of 1860, iv. 39 et seq.) The Topaze only, it was said, was actively engaged, and her loss was limited to one man killed. On the other hand, the corvettes seriously interfered with the Blanche's manoeuvres; and this was the view taken by the court-martial which, on 14 Oct., acquitted Mudge of all blame, and complimented him on his very able and gallant conduct against a superior force Naval Chronicle, xiv. 341). On 18 Nov. he was appointed to the Phoenix, which he commanded for the next five years in the Bay of Biscay and on the coast of Portugal. In 1814 and 1815 he commanded the 74-gun ship Valiant; but had no further service. He became a rear-admiral on 22 July 1830, vice-admiral on 23 Nov. 1841, admiral on 15 Sept. 1849, and died at Plympton, on 26 Oct. 1852. He was buried at Newton Ferrers; there is a memorial window in St. Andrew's Church, Plymouth. Mudge married Jane, daughter of the Rev. Edmund Granger, rector of Sowton, Devonshire, and left issue. His eldest son, Zachary, a barrister, died, at the age of fifty-four, on 13 Dec. 1868 (Gent. Mag. 1868, ii. 120). [Flint's Mudge Memoirs; O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Dict.; Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. iii. (vol. ii.) 307; Gent. Mag. 1852, new ser. xxxviii. 634.] J. K. L. MUDIE, CHARLES EDWARD (18181890), founder of Mudie's Lending Library, son of Thomas Mudie, was born at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, on 18 Oct. 1818. He assisted his father, a secondhand bookseller, newspaper agent, and lender of books at a penny a volume, until 1840, when he set up as a stationer and bookseller at 28 Upper King Street (now Southampton Row), Bloomsbury. As a publisher he was known by the production of Poems by James Russell Lowell,' 1844 (the first appearance of Lowell's poems in England); of R. W. Emerson's Man Thinking, an Oration,' 1844; and of some one-volume novels. In 1842 he commenced lending books, and in course of time this department so increased that his premises proved inadequate, and in 1852 he removed to 510 New Oxford Street. He advertised extensively, and exerted himself to procure early copies of the most popular new books, often in very great numbers. He took two thousand four hundred copies of vols. iii. and iv. of Macaulay's 'History of England,' and two thousand of Livingstone's Travels.' A large new hall and a library were opened in the rear of the premises on 17 Dec. 1860, and soon afterwards branches were established elsewhere in London, as well as in Birmingham and Manchester. This large extension of his undertaking was, however, more than his capital sufficed to meet, and in 1864 he made over the library to a limited company, in which he held half the shares and retained the management. Mudie possessed excellent qualities as a business man, and his knowledge of public requirements and the tact he displayed in meeting them enabled him to establish a library which soon numbered over 25,000 subscribers, and became almost a national institution. It was also peculiarly English, the circulating library of the Mudie pattern being almost unknown on the continent or in America. On 29 Nov. 1870 Mudie was elected a member of the London School Board for the Westminster district, and served for three years. In 1872 he published 'Stray Leaves,' a volume of poems, including one or two well-known hymns, which went to a second edition in 1873. He was eminently pious and charitable, labouring in the slums of Westminster, and preaching on Sundays in a small chapel. Anxious to avoid circulating literature that would be in any way immoral, he was often attacked for his method of selecting books. He wrote to the 'Athenæum' in 1860, vindicating himself from an attack made on him on that ground in the 'Literary Gazette.' Mr. George Moore, the novelist, issued in 1885 Literature at Nurse, or Circulating Morals,' strictures upon the selection of books in circulation at Mudie's Library. Many catalogues of the library bearing Mudie's name have been printed; the first is dated 1857. Mudie died at 31 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead, on 28 Oct. 1890. A portrait of Mudie is given in Curwen's History of Booksellers.' By his wife, Mary Kingsford, daughter of the Rev. Henry Pawling of Lenham, Kent, he had eight children. Of these Charles Henry Mudie is noticed below; while Arthur Oliver Mudie, born 29 May 1854, of Magdalen College, Oxford, B.A. 1879, M.A. 1881, took, on the death of his brother, a share in conducting the business, and ultimately became the managing director. MUDIE, CHARLES HENRY (1850-1879), philanthropist, was born at Adelaide Road, Haverstock Hill, on 26 Jan. 1850, and in early youth had the advantage of a long residence in Italy. He was educated at the London University school and, under the Rev. N. Jennings, at St. John's Wood. He is described under the name of 'Tom Holcomb' in an article by Mrs. Craik called 'A Garden Party' in a Christmas number of 'Good Words.' On coming of age he took part in the management of his father's busiHe was a good musician, an amateur actor, a lecturer, and he devoted much time to the improvement of the poorer classes. He died on 13 Jan. 1879, having married, on 4 June 1874, Rebecca Jane, daughter of Edwin Lermitte of Muswell Hill, Middlesex (Charles Henry Mudie [by Mary Mudie, his sister], 1879, with portrait; Athenæum, 1879, i. 90). ness. [Bookseller, November 1890, p. 1232; Curwen's Booksellers, 1873, pp. 421-32, with portrait; Literary Gazette, 1860, v. 252, 285, 302, 398; Cartoon Portraits, 1873, pp. 72-3, with portrait; Illustr. London News, Nov. 1890, p. 583, with portrait; Times, 30 Oct. 1890, p. 8; Athenæum, 1860 ii. 451, 594, 873, 877, 1890 ii. 588; Julian's Dict. of Hymnology, p. 774; F. Espinasse's Literary Recollections, 1893, p. 27; information from Arthur Oliver Mudie, esq.] G. C. B. MUDIE, ROBERT (1777-1842), miscellaneous writer, born in Forfarshire on 28 June 1777, was youngest child of John Mudie, weaver, by his wife Elizabeth Bany. After attending the village school he worked at the loom, until he was drawn for the militia. From his boyhood he devoted his scanty leisure to study. At the expiry of his militia service of four years he became master of a village school in the south of Fifeshire. In 1802 he was appointed Gaelic professor and teacher of drawing in the Inverness academy, although of Gaelic he knew little. About 1808 he acted as drawing-master to the Dundee High School, but was soon transferred to the department of arithmetic and English composition. He contributed much to the local newspaper, and conducted for some time a monthly periodical. Becoming a member of the Dundee town council, he engaged eagerly in the cause of burgh reform in conjunction with R. S. Rintoul, afterwards editor of the London 'Spectator.' In politics he was 'an ardent reformer.' In 1820 Mudie removed to London, where he was engaged as reporter to the Morning Chronicle,' and in that capacity went to Edinburgh on George IV's visit to that city, which he described in a volume entitled 'Modern Athens. He was subsequently editor of the 'Sunday Times,' and also wrote largely in the periodicals of the day. About 1838 he migrated to Winchester, where he was employed by a bookseller named Robbins in writing books, including a worthless History of Hampshire,' which formed the letterpress to accompany some pretentious steel engravings. The speculation failed, and Mudie returned to London, in impaired circumstances and broken health. He conducted the 'Surveyor, Engineer, and Architect,' a monthly journal, commenced in February 1840, which did not last through the year. He died at Pentonville on 29 April 1842, leaving the widow of a second marriage in destitution, one son, and four daughters. His more important writings are: 1. 'The Maid of Griban, a Fragment,' in verse, 8vo, Dundee, 1810. 2. 'Glenfergus, a Novel,'3 vols. 12mo, Edinburgh, 1819. 3. 'A Historical Account of His Majesty's Visit to Scotland,' 8vo, London, 1822. 4. Things in General, being Delineations of Persons, Places, Scenes, and Occurrences in the Metropolis, and other parts of Britain, &c., by Laurence Langshank,' 12mo, London, 1824. 5. 'Modern Athens' [a description of Edinburgh], 8vo, London, 1824. 6. The Complete Governess,' 12mo, London, 1824. 7. Session of Parliament,' 8vo, London, 1824. 8. 'Babylon the Great, a Dissection and Demonstration of Men and Things in the British Capital,' 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1825; another edit. 1828. 9. 'The Picture of India; Geographical, Historical, and Descriptive,' 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1827; 2nd edit. 1832. 10.Australia,' 12mo, London, 1827. 11. Vegetable Substances,' 18mo, London, 1828. 12. A Second Judgment of Babylon the Great,' 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1829. 13. 'The British Naturalist,' 8vo, London, 1830. 14. 'First Lines of Zoology,' 12mo, London, 1831. 15. 'The Emigrant's Pocket Companion,' &c., 8vo, London, 1832. 16.‘First Lines of Natural Philosophy,' 12mo, London, 1832. 17. A Popular Guide to the Observation of Nature (Constable's Miscellany,' vol. lxxvii.), 12mo, Edinburgh, 1832 (also New York, 1844, 12mo). 18. The Botanic Annual,' 8vo, London, 1832. 19. The Feathered Tribes of the British Islands,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1834; 2nd edit. 1835; 4th edit., by W. C. L. Martin, in Bohn's Illustrated Library,' 1854. 20. The Natural History of Birds,' 8vo, London, 1834. 21. 'The Heavens,' 12mo, 1835. 22. The Earth,' 12mo, London, 1835. 23. The Air,' 12mo, London, 1835. 24. The Sea,' 12mo, London, 1835. 25. 'Conversations on Moral Philosophy,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1835. 26. Astronomy,' 12mo, London, 1836. 27. 'Popular Mathematics,' 8vo, London, 1836. 28. Spring,' 12mo, London, 1837 (edited by A. White, 8vo, 1860). 29. 'Summer,' 12mo, London, 1837. 30. 'Autumn,' 12mo, London, 1837. 31. 'Winter, 6 12mo, London, 1837. 32. The Copyright Question and Mr. Serjeant Talfourd's Bill, 8vo, London, 1838. 33. 'Hampshire, its Past and Present Condition and Future Prospects,' 3 vols. 8vo, Winchester [1838]. 34. Westley's Natural Philosophy,' re-written, 3 vols. 8vo, London, 1838. 35. 'Gleanings of Nature,' containing fifty-seven groups of animals and plants, with popular descriptions of their habits, 4to, London, 1838. 36. Man in his Physical Structure and Adaptations,' 12mo, London, 1838. 37. Domesticated Animals popularly considered,' 8vo, Winchester, 1839. 38. The World,' 8vo, London, 1839. 39. England,' 8vo, London, 1839. 40. Companion to Gilbert's" New Map of England and Wales," 8vo, London, 1839. 41. Winchester Arithmetic,'8vo, London, 1839. 42. Man in his Intellectual Faculties and Adaptations,' 12mo, London, 1839. 43. Man in his Relations to Society,' 12mo, London, 1840. 44. Man as a Moral and Accountable Being,' 12mo, London, 1840. 45. 'Cuvier's Animal Kingdom arranged according to its Organisation. The Fishes and Radiata by R. Mudie,' 8vo, London, 1840. 46. Sheep, Cattle,' &c., 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1840. 47. China and its Resources and Peculiarities, with a View of the Opium Question, and a Notice of Assam,' 8vo, London, 1840. 48. Historical and Topographical Description of the Channel Islands, 8vo, London, Winchester [printed 1840]. 49. The Isle of Wight, its Past and Present Condition, and Future Prospects,' 8vo, London, Winchester [printed 1841]. Mudie furnished the volumes on 'Intellectual Philosophy' and 'Perspective' for improved editions of Pinnock's Catechisms' (1831, 1840), the greater part of the natural history section of the British Cyclopædia' (1834), the letterpress to 'Gilbert's Modern Atlas of the Earth' (1840), and a topographical account of Selborne prefixed to Gilbert White's 'Natural History of Selborne' (ed. 1850). [Gent. Mag. 1842, pt. ii. 214-15; Anderson's Scottish Nation, iii. 212-13; Hannah's Life of T. Chalmers, i. 22, and Appendix.] G. G. MUDIE, THOMAS MOLLESON (1809– 1876), composer, of Scottish descent, was born at Chelsea 30 Nov. 1809, and showed much musical capacity in the first examina tion of candidates for admission to the Royal Academy of Music in 1823. He took for leading studies at the academy composition, pianoforte, and clarinet, on which he obtained great proficiency. He was appointed a professor of the pianoforte in the academy in 1832, and held the post till 1844. In 1834 he became organist at Gatton, Surrey, the seat of Lord Monson, who, at his death in 1840, bequeathed him an annuity of 100%., but this Mudie relinquished in favour of his patron's widow. In 1844, on the death of his friend, Alfred Devaux, he went to Edinburgh to succeed him as a teacher of music. In 1863 he returned to London. He died there, unmarried, 24 July 1876, and was interred in Highgate cemetery. As a composer Mudie's successes were mainly confined to his earlier years. While a student at the academy his song Lungi dal caro bene' was thought so meritorious that the committee paid the cost of its publication, an act which has been repeated only once since. Several vocal pieces, with orchestral accompaniment and symphonies in C and in B flat, were also composed while he was a student. The Society of British Musicians, founded in 1834, gave him much encouragement, and at their concerts were performed a symphony in F (1835), a symphony in D (1837), a quintet in E flat for pianoforte and strings (1843), a trio in D for pianoforte and strings (1843), and several songs and concerted vocal pieces on different occasions. While in Edinburgh he composed a number of pianoforte pieces and songs, and wrote accompaniments for a large proportion of the airs in Wood's 'Songs of Scotland.' His published music consists of forty-eight pianoforte solos, six pianoforte duets, nineteen fantasias, twenty-four sacred songs, three sacred duets, three chamber anthems for three voices, forty-two separate songs, and two duets. The existing scores of his symphonies and all his printed works are deposited in the library of the Royal Academy of Music. The drudgery of musicteaching seems to have diminished his powers of artistic conception, but some of his compositions, notably the pianoforte pieces and the symphony in B flat, are excellent. [Grove's Dict. of Music, ii. 406; Brown's Biog. Dict. of Musicians; Musical Times, August 1876, p. 563.] J. C. H. MUFFET, THOMAS (1553-1604), physician and author. [See MOFFETT.] MUGGLETON, LODOWICKE (16091698), heresiarch, was born in Walnut Tree Yard (now New Street) off Bishopsgate Street Without, London, in July 1609, and baptised on 30 July at St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, by Stephen Gosson [g. v. His family came from Wilbarston, Northamptonshire, where the name still exists. His father, John Muggleton, was a farrier in great respect with the postmaster;' in October 1616, being then on the point of three score years,' he was admitted, on Gosson's recommendation, to Alleyn's Hospital at Dulwich, but |