CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON

INSTITUTE.

SESSION 1896-97.

The Courses of Instruction in Engineering and Chemistry at the Institute's Colleges commence in October, and cover a period of two to three years. The Matriculation Examination of the Central Technical College will be held on September 21 to 24, and the Entrance Examination of the Day Department of the Technical College, Finsbury, on September 22.

CITY AND GUILDS CENTRAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE (Exhibition Road, S. W.), a College for higher Technical Instruction for Students not under 16 years of age, preparing to become Civil, Mechanical or Electrical Engineers, Chemical and other Manufacturers, and Teachers.

The Matriculation Examination will be held on September 21 to 24, and the new Session will commence on October 1st.

Professors:-O. Henrici, LL.D., F.R.S. (Mathematics), W. C. Unwin, F.R.S., M.I.C. E. (Civil and Mechanical Engineering), W. E. Ayrton, F.R.S. (Physics and Electrical Engineering), H. E. Armstrong, Ph.D., F.R.S. (Chemistry).

CITY AND GUILDS TECHNICAL COLLEGE, FINSBURY (Leonard Street, City Road, E.C.). The DAY DEPARTMENT provides Courses of Intermediate Instruction for Students not under 14 years of age, preparing to enter Mechanical or Electrical Engineering and Chemical Industries.

The Entrance Examination will be held on September 22, and the new Session will commence on October 6.

Professors:-S. P. Thompson, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Electrical Engineering),
R. Meldola, F.R.S. (Chemistry).
JOHN WATNEY, Hon. Secretary.

City and Guilds of London Institute,
Gresham College, Basinghall Street, E.C.

ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL

SCHOOL,

ALBERT EMBANKMENT, LONDON, SE.

The WINTER SESSION of 1896-97 will open on FRIDAY, October 2, when the prizes will be distributed at 3 p.m. by the Right Hon. Lord Justice LINDLEY.

Three Entrance Scholarships will be offered for competition in September viz. One of £150 and one of £60 in Chemistry and Physics, with either Physiology, Botany, or Zoology, for first year's Students; one of £50 in Anatomy, Physiology, and Chemistry, for third year's Students.

Scholarships and money prizes of the value of £300 are awarded at the Sessional Examinations, as well as several medals.

Special Classes are held throughout the year for the Preliminary Scientific and Intermediate M.B. Examinations of the University of London.

All Hospital Appointments are open to Students without charge. The School Buildings and the Hospital can be seen on application to the Medical Secretary.

The Fees may be paid in one sum or by instalments. Entries may be made separately to Lectures or to Hospital Practice, and Special Arrangements are made for Students entering in their second or subsequent years; also for Dental Students and for Qualified Practitioners.

A Register of approved Lodgings is kept by the Medical Secretary, who also has a List of Local Medical Practitioners, Clergymen, and others who receive Students into their houses.

For Prospectuses and all particulars apply to Mr. RENDLE, the Medical Secretary. H. P. HAWKINS, Dean.

THE LONDON HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE.

The WINTER SESSION will commence on THURSDAY, October 1. The Hospital is the largest general Hospital in the kingdom, and contains nearly 800 beds. Number of In-patients last year, 10,559; Out-patients, 154,627; Accidents, 16,323.

Surgical Operations daily. Major Operations in 1895, 1,779. Appointments:-Fifty qualified resident or salaried Appointments are made annually. Dressers, Maternity Assistants, Clinical and Post-mortem Clerks are appointed every three months. All Appointments are free to Students of the Hospital. Resident Officers have free board.

SCHOLARSHIPS AND PRIZES.-Entrance Scholarships, value £120, £60, £60, £35, £30, and £20, will be offered for Competition at the end of September. Numerous Scholarships and Prizes are given annually.

FEES.-120 guineas in one payment, or 130 guineas by instalments. A reduction of 15 guineas is allowed to the Sons of Members of the Profession.

Luncheons or Dinners at moderate charges can be obtained in the Students' Club. The Students' Clubs Union, embracing all the Scientific, Social, and Athletic Clubs, is available to all Students. The Clubs Union Ground is at Lower Edmonton.

The Metropolitan, Metropolitan District, East London, and Great Eastern Railway Stations are close to the Hospital and College. For further information apply, personally or by letter, to

Mile End, E.

MUNRO SCOTT, Warden.

GUY'S HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. The WINTER SESSION will begin on THURSDAY, OCTOBER 1. Entrance Scholarships of the combined value of £360 are awarded annually, and numerous Prizes and Medals are open for Competition by Students of the School.

The number of Patients treated in the Wards during last year was 6,325. All Hospital Appointments are open to Students without charge, and the holders of Resident Appointments are provided with board and lodging. The College accommodates 60 Students, under the supervision of Resident Warden.

The Dental School provides the full Curriculum required for the L.D.S. England.

The Clubs Union Athletic Ground is easily accessible.

A Handbook of Information for those about to enter the Medical Profession will be forwarded on application.

For the Prospectus of the School, containing full particulars as to Fees, Course of Study advised, Regulations of the College, &c., apply, personally or by letter, to the DEAN, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, S.E.

GUY'S HOSPITAL.

PRELIMINARY SCIENTIFIC (M.B.) LONDON.

The next Course of Lectures and Practical Classes for this Examination will begin on October 1. Candidates entering for this Course can re-enter as Medical Students. Full particulars may be obtained on application to the DEAN, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, S.E.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. The Session of the Faculty of Medicine will commence on October 1. Introductory Lecture, at 4 p.m., by Prof. SIDNEY MARTIN, M.D., F.R.S. The Examinations for the Entrance Exhibitions will commence on September 24.

Scholarships, Exhibitions, and Prizes of the value of £800, are awarded annually.

In University College Hospital about 3000 In-patients, and 35,000 Outpatients, are treated during the year. Thirty-six Appointments, eighteen being resident (as House Surgeon, House Physician, Obstetric Assistant, &c.), are filled up by competition during the year, and these, as well as all Clerkships and Dresserships, are open to Students of the Hospital without extra fee. Resident officers receive free board and lodging. Prospectuses, with full information as to Classes, Prizes, &c., may be obtained from University College, Gower Street, W.C.

A. E. BARKER, F.R.C.S., Dean.
J. M. HORSBURGH, M.A., Secretary.

MASON COLLEGE, BIRMINGHAM.
FACULTIES OF ARTS AND SCIENCE.
SESSION 1896-97.

The SESSION will COMMENCE on FRIDAY, OCTOBER 2. Complete Courses of Instruction are provided for the various Examinations in Arts and Science, and the Preliminary Scientific (M.B.) Examination of the University of London; for Students of Civil, Mechanical, or Electrical Engineering; and for those who desire to obtain an acquaintance with some branch of Applied Science. Students may, however, attend any class or combination of classes.

There is also a Faculty of Medicine. A Syllabus containing full particulars may be had gratis from Messrs. CORNISH, New Street, Birmingham.

A SYLLABUS of the Faculties of Arts and Science, containing full information as to the various Lecture and Laboratory Courses, Lecture Days and Hours, Fees, Entrance, and other Scholarships, Prizes, &c., may be had gratis from Messrs. CORNISH BROTHERS, New Street, Birmingham; or on application at the College.

THE DURHAM COLLEGE

SCIENCE,
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.

Principal-Rev. H. P. GURNEY, M.A., D.C.L.

OF

The College forms part of the University of Durham, and the University Degrees in Science and Letters are open to Students of both sexes.

In addition to the Departments of Mathematics and Natural Science, complete Courses are provided in Agriculture, Engineering, Naval Architecture, Mining, Literature, History, Ancient and Modern Languages, Fine Art, &c.

Residential Hostels for Men and for Women Students are attached to the College.

The Twenty-sixth Session begins September 28.

Full particulars of the University Curricula in Science and Letters will be found in the Calendar (price is.). Prospectus on application to the

SECRETARY.

VICTORIA UNIVERSITY.

THE YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, LEEDS.

The 23rd Session of the Department of Science, Technology, and Arts will begin on October 6, and the 66th Session of the School of Medicine on October 1, 1896.

The Classes prepare for the following Professions: Chemistry, Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Sanitary Engineering, Coal Mining, Textile Industries, Dyeing, Leather Manufacture, Agriculture, School Teaching. Medicine, and Surgery. University Degrees are also conferred in the faculties of Arts, Science, Medicine, and Surgery.

Lyddon Hall has been established for Students' residence.
Prospectus of any of the above may be had from the REGISTRAR.

carcinoma and sarcoma by injection of a glycerine extract (50 per cent.) of the respective growth, was also without result, as was also treatment with Fehleisen's fluid.

The Principles of Drug Therapeutics are considered by Prof. Leech. Dr. Herman Weber, assisted by Dr. M. G. Forster, writes upon Climatology. The article comprises a consideration of some of the principal elements of climate, the chief climatic regions and health resorts, and the use of climate in the treatment and prevention of disease. The essay on Balneology and Hydrotherapeutics is from the same author, and is divided into two parts: (A) balneo-therapeutics, or treatment by the internal or external use of mineral waters; under this section the chief mineral waters are described, and their therapeutic use indicated.

The second (or B) section is termed hydrotherapeutics: by this is meant the therapeutic use of water considered especially in its external application to the body; in this section the author is assisted by Dr. Parkes Weber. Artificial Erotherapeutics is treated by Dr. Theodore Williams, the varieties of qualitative and quantitative differences in the constituents of the atmosphere are described, as are also the effects of atmospheres of varying barometric pressure. Dr. Lewis Jones writes upon the Medical Applications of Electricity. The units of measurement are explained, and the apparatus necessary for the application of electricity described. Six excellent diagrams of the motor points in the different parts of the body are given. The diagnostic use of electricity is fully discussed. The article closes with a consideration of the conditions in which the medical application of electricity has been of therapeutic value. Dr. Mitchell considers the technique, physiology and therapeutic uses of Massage. Under the head of physiology a résumé is given of the work of Lombard, Brunton and Tunnicliffe, Winternitz, and others. The varieties of massage, the duration and frequency of its application, are described, and the diseases in which massage has been useful enumerated. The Feeding of the Sick is the subject of an article by Sir Dyce Duckworth. The general principles of invalid dietetics are first clearly enunciated, and then all the experience of the clinician is brought to bear upon the subject of the diets suitable to various diseases. A most valuable addition to this subject comes from the pen of Dr. Eustace Smith, who writes upon the Diet and Therapeutics of Children. The very special way in which children react to different diets and forms of treatment, baths, drugs, &c., is described, and the way to obtain a maximum benefit from the remedies prescribed is clearly indicated. The editor has wisely included an article on Nursing, which is written by Miss Amy Hughes. The Hygiene of Youth is treated by Dr. Clement Dukes, in a paper which it would be well to place in the hands of every schoolmaster. The medical aspect of Life Assurance is considered by Dr. Symes Thompson. With this article Division i. of the work closes.

Division ii. is devoted to the consideration of the Fevers, and includes two parts. Part i. consists of an article from the pen of Sir Joseph Fayrer, on Insolation or Sunstroke. The Infections form the contents of Part ii. The subject is introduced by an article on the general

pathology of infection, by Dr. Kanthack. The Infections are then divided as follows: (1) diseases of more or less established bacteriology, (2) diseases of uncertain bacteriology, (3) infective diseases communicable from animals to man, (4) diseases due to the protozoa. The first group is divided into local or general diseases due to pyococci, and the infective fevers, with which the volume ends.

Dr. Kanthack, in his article on the general pathology of infection, first considers the morphology of micro organisms and the conditions necessary for their existence; he then passes on to the products of bacterial activity. Ferments and enzymes, the ptomaines, toxalbumins, and the products of fermentation are fully discussed. The question whether the toxines are the result of the action of the bacilli on the tissues (Martin), or whether they are a true excretion or secretion of the bacilli themselves, is discussed, as are also the views of Klein on extracellular and intracellular poisons. A consideration of infection, contagion, and predisposition follows. The author then proceeds to the subject of natural and acquired immunity, and the article concludes with the history, principles, methods, and scope of serum therapeutics. Two admirable monographs on septicæmia and pyæmia, and erysipelas, are written by Mr. Watson Cheyne. The etiology and general pathology of ulcerative endocarditis is dealt with by Dr. Dreschfeld ; Puerperal Septic Disease by Dr. Playfair. The articles on boils and carbuncles are written by Dr. Melsome, that on Epidemic Pneumonia by Dr. Whitelegge. Epidemic cerebro-spinal Meningitis is considered by Dr. Ormerod, who adds an appendix describing the outbreaks of the disease in this country since 1807. Dr. Goodhart writes upon influenza. The article includes a description of Pfeiffer's bacillus, and the methods for its identification and cultivation.

The article on Diphtheria is divided into four parts. The clinical aspects of Diphtheria are dealt with by Dr. Gee, its etiology and prophylaxis by Dr. Thorne Thorne, its bacteriology and pathology by Dr. Kanthack, while Dr. Herringham gives the results of the serum treatment. The subject of Tetanus is also divided between two authors-Sir G. Humphrey contributing the clinical part, Dr. Sims Woodhead the pathological. The relatively unfavourable results of the antitoxine treatment in this disease, as compared with those in Diphtheria, are explained by Dr. Woodhead as being due to the fact that the treatment in tetanus is not begun until the effects of the poison on the general system (central nervous system), as distinct from its local effects, have manifested themselves; whereas in Diphtheria, the antitoxine is injected at a period at which the disease is practically a local one. Enteric Fever is treated in an exhaustive manner by Dr. Dreschfeld. The article contains a description of Eberth's bacillus, with the characteristics distinguishing it from the B. coli communis, and the methods for its detection. Extensive mortality tables form an appendix. Five authors are responsible for the article on Asiatic Cholera. Mr. Ernest Hart and Dr. Smith deal with the origin and niode of propagation of the disease, Drs. Kanthack and Stephens with the bacteriology, and Dr. Kenneth Macleod with the clinical, pathological, and therapeutical aspects of the subject.

The Plague is treated by Dr. Payne. The bacteriology of the disease, in the light of Yersin and Kitasato's researches, is fully discussed, and the possibility of treatment by antitoxine (Calmette). Relapsing Fever is dealt with by Dr. Rabagliati ; the bacteriology of the subject being from the pen of Dr. Westbrook. With this last article Volume i. closes. At the end of each monograph there is a list of references, which are paragraphed, according to the sub-section of the article to which they refer. An accurate and extensive index of authors and subjects greatly facilitates the use of the book.

An idea of the labour requisite to the successful editing of a work like the one before us can only be formed by the experienced few who have accomplished it. To Prof. Allbutt are due the thanks and congratulations of cosmopolitan Medicine for having produced a work which in fulness, accuracy and interest, leaves nothing to be desired. F. W. T.

A TEXT-BOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL

PHYSICS.

Lehrbuch der Experimental Physik. Von Eduard Riecke. Erster Band. Mechanik, Akustik, Optik. Pp. xvi + 418. (Leipzig: Verlag von Veit and Co., . 1896.)

THE

HE author, who is Professor of Physics in the University of Göttingen, is well and favourably known for his work in several departments of physical science, and the text-book he has written possesses the qualities we should expect to find in the work of one who is actively engaged not only in teaching physics, but in advancing the subject by research.

After an introduction on physical phenomena, physical hypotheses and theories, and elementary measurements such as those of angle, length, mass, and time, the treatise enters on the subjects of mechanics and acoustics, to which the first part of the present volume is devoted. This occupies pp. 20-261, leaving pp. 262-418 for the discussion of optics.

In opening his dynamical treatment, the author does not attempt to deal with the vexed questions of the foundations of dynamics, a procedure which is perhaps the best in the interests of beginners. The thoughtful student will be confronted with the fundamental difficulties soon enough, and according to his own ability and the skill of his dynamical adviser will be his relief from the serious mental embarrassment which he will inevitably experience. The thoughtless student need not be considered.

The author postpones the consideration of mass, and defines the unit of weight as the weight of a cubic centimetre of distilled water at maximum density under atmospheric pressure, which he calls a gramme-gewicht. We differ from the author as to this being the definition of the unit of weight in the metric system. Surely that unit is the weight of the standard kilogramme itself, or of part of it. By the statement given the unit of weight is not immediately connected with the standard piece of matter; though it is no doubt very nearly 1 the weight of the standard kilogramme. The unit of

of

weight is, however, made the weight of a unit of mass, and is therefore, strictly speaking, a variable unit; it is used throughout the treatment of the statics of rigid bodies, with which the dynamical portion of the book begins.

The method adopted thus differs from that now usually followed, in English books at least, by considering a vertical string or bar which supports a body as stretched by a force equal to the weight of the body, as measured by the number of cubic centimetres of distilled water at maximum density which will just equilibrate the body in an accurate balance. Thus, so far as statics is concerned, a preliminary kinetic definition and discussion of force and the laws of motion are dispensed with.

Whatever opinion may be held as to the merits or demerits of this mode of presenting the subject of statics, there can be no question of the importance of referring the student on every possible occasion for illustration of principles and theorems to the great practical applications of dynamics that we have in abundance in engineering structures, and of the use where possible of graphical methods. This is an aim which the author keeps well in view, though in order to proceed to the consideration of stretching force and thrust, and ties and struts, it does seem a little hasty to dismiss the parallelogram of forces with a mere experimental proof by means of strings and weights.

The discussion of the kinetics (dynamics the author calls it) of solid bodies follows. This has many points of excellence. But we must rather demur to the comparison of the absolute and technical units, given at p. 67. Thus it is stated

Whatever the somewhat disputed relative merits for different purposes of the absolute and technical system of units may be, it is universally admitted that the absolute C.G.S. unit of force is that force which gives a mass of one gramme an acceleration of I centimetre per second per second. To define it, or state its value as above, is to give no doubt a constant unit of force (on the supposition that gravity is constant at latitude 45°), but one differing perceptibly from that usually defined as the absolute unit, since the value of g at latitude 45° at mean sea-level is approximately 98061 in centimetre second units. The great beauty of the absolute system as given by Gauss, surely lies in the fact that the fundamental units of length, mass, and time do all for us, and we have, so far as the definition of dynamical units is concerned, nothing whatever to do with gravity.

The proper definition of the unit of force it must be stated, however, is given below this "Gegenüberstellung" of units, so that the author probably does not offer the statement in the table as other than a comparison of values of units; but it is well to give first the definition, and rub it in with plenty of illustration. Only after the student has become perfectly familiar with the system of