origin. Perhaps the custom holds elsewhere; it Queries. We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest, to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct. THE PUNISHMENT OF "CARTING."-All have heard of whipping at the cart's tail-a punishment inflicted up to the end of George III.'s reign. (See 'N. & Q.,' 6th S. vi., vii., viii., passim.) Amongst other malefactors, bawds were specially the subjects of it; so we are told by Chambers, 'Supplement to Cyclopædia,' 1753. But there was formerly in use another punishment, called "carting," which was also commonly and specially inflicted on the class above mentioned. To this many allusions are made by writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, though the memory of it seems to have been lost among moderns. Under the verb to cart, Johnson gives as one definition, "to expose in a cart for punishment.' He quotes from Hudibras, Democritus ne'er laughed so loud " To see bawds carted through the crowd. And from Prior, She chuckled when a bawd was carted. The nature of the punishment is clearly seen from the two passages following : "For playing the whore, this is her comfort when she is carted, that shee rides when all her followers goe on foot, that euery dunghill pays her homage, and euery tauerne looking glasse powres bountifull reflection upon her."-John Taylor, 'Works,' p. 101. 1630. "Another priest, called Sir Tho. Snowdell, was carted through Cheapside, for assoiling an old acquaintance of his in a ditch in Finsbury Field; and was at that riding saluted with chamber pots and rotten eggs."-Strype, 'Eccl. Memls.' ch, xii. a. 1553. of his education, the date of his marriage, and the GOOGE'S 'WHOLE ART OF HUSBANDRY.'-Will some reader of 'N. & Q.' who owns or who has access to Googe's 'Whole Art of Husbandry' (of an edition earlier than 1577, or of any edition other than those of 1577, 1578, or 1596) kindly enable me to collate my copy with one or more of those editions, sufficiently to determine its date? Without troubling the Editor further, I will ask for direct communication with W. C. MINOR, M.D. FIRST INTRODUCTION OF GINGER INTO ENGLAND. -I have in my possession a document of the reign of Edward I. in which mention is made of ginger. The rent service of a tenement is reserved, consisting of ginger. In Woodvile's 'Medieval Botany' it is stated that ginger was first introduced into England early in the eighteenth century, and was brought from the shores of the Red Sea. Can any tion of ginger into England ought to be more one throw light on this? The date of the introducaccurately determined. H. A. HELYAR. Coker Court, near Yeovil, Somerset. ENGLISH REGIMENTAL FLAG IN PARIS. — I should be glad of any information respecting the English flag that is now close to Napoleon's tomb in the Hotel des Invalides, Paris. Freegrove Road, N. HENRY GERALD HOPE. From these places it appears that the person was fastened inside a cart, and dragged through the town, exposed to shame, ridicule, and the peltings of any who chose to pelt. In fact, he was in a CASTLE MARTYR PICTURES.-In the year 1796 moving pillory. Hence the word would seem to my grandfather, Hugh Hovell Farmar, gave five have been used to denote the infliction of any pictures of the Walsingham family to the second shame or ridicule. So I suppose we must under-Lord Shannon, and I am told all the pictures at stand a line in Fletcher's 'Loyal Subject,' Act III., sc. i. What, are we bob'd thus still, colted and carted? Johnson's notice scarcely tells us whether the thing was still practised in his time. Can any one supply further information on the matter, specially as to the latest mention of it, and when it was discontinued? May I ask for direct answers? C. B. MOUNT. 14, Norham Road, Oxford. WILLIAM GRANT, LORD PRESTON-GRANGE.-I wish to know the exact date of his birth, the place Castle Martyr, co. Cork, were sold a few years ago. Can any one kindly tell me in whose possession these pictures now are? W. R. FARMAR, Major-General. GRASSHOPPER ON ROYAL EXCHANGE.-Perhaps you could help me in searching for the prophecy relating to the Royal Exchange, viz., that when the grasshopper on the vane of the Royal Exchange met the griffin (?) on a church (what church?) in the City, then some great misfortune would befall the Royal Exchange. How this prophecy was fulfilled-for in 1838 the grasshopper was taken to a brazier's to be regilt, and it lay on the counter "THE GOLDEN HORDE."-What was this? SIR TIMOTHY THORNHILL, "of Barbados and Kent, Bart.," created 1688.-He was one of the Thornhills of Ollantigh, in Kent. Can any reader inform me where the Barbados branch of this family joined on to the Kentish stock? F.S.A. JOHN DONALDSON.—I have searched the periodicals in vain for a biographical notice of this once well-known writer on botany and agriculture. He was alive in July, 1860, when he published his British Agriculture'; but had died by 1877, when his 'Suburban Farming' was issued under the editorship of Mr. Robert Scott Burn. On the titlepages of his books he describes himself as "Professor of Botany" and "Government Land Drainage Surveyor." He is best remembered by his useful 'Agricultural Biography,' 1854. Even the approximate date of his death and the place would be of G. G. "PRICKING THE BELT FOR A WAGER."-The above quotation is from Colquhoun's Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis,' p. 135. meaning? use. What is its BALLADS ON THE SPANISH ARMADA, AND POEMS RELATING TO DRAKE AND OTHER ELIZABETHAN WORTHIES.-I shall be thankful to receive copies of any such curiosities of English literature, which are not to be found in 'The Roxburghe Ballads,' pt. xvii. vol. vi., edited by Joseph Woodfall Ebsworth, M.A. (1887). My collection already comprises many of the ordinary ballads and poems; but there are, doubtless, some appended to miscellaneous works of the period which I may not have met with. Copies of black-letter ballads of the time of Elizabeth will be acceptable. JOHN HUSSEY.-Can any of your readers throw any light upon the parentage and ancestry of John Hussey, of Old Sleaford, a Commissioner for Kesteven to raise funds for the defence of Calais in 1455; or trace his connexion with any other branch of the family, the main line of which was John Hussey settled at Harting, in Sussex? married Elizabeth Nessfield, and was the father of Sir William Hussey, Chief Justice of England, 1481-95. A. E. PACKE. 1, Stanhope Place, Hyde Park, W. ARTICULO. This word occurs in a charter of Edward I., dated April 28, 1298, to the Barons of the Cinque Ports, and is translated by Jeake "tackling," who tells us, however, in a marginal note, that "in the manuscript of Mr. Francis Thynn, Lancaster Herald, where this charter is transcribed, it is 'Attilio' for 'Articulo."" The whole passage runs as follows: "Sciatis quod pro bono et fideli servitio quod dilecti et fideles Barones et probi homines nostri Quinque Portuum nobis et progenitoribus nostris quondam Regibus Angliæ impenderunt et in futurum impendent, concessimus eis pro nobis et hæredibus nostris quod ipsi et eorum hæredes, Barones eorundem Portuum de cætero imperpetuum sint quieti de omnibus tallagiis et auxiliis nobis et hæredibus nostris de corporibus propriarum navium suarum et earum articulo præstand. Can any of your readers supply other instances of the use of the word in this sense, or explain its H. H. S. C. derivation? CHRONOLOGICAL DIFFICULTY.-The Latin inscription on a monument in a Devonshire church to the memory of a noted Puritan member of the Long Parliament, states that he died 1644 Anno a Ducis sui {Priumpho 1631 This computation, put in the form, 1644-1631W. H. K. WRIGHT, Hon. Sec. 13, appears to give A.D. 13 as the date of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Failing to compreArmada Tercentenary Commemoration. Drake Chamber, Plymouth. hend how this was arrived at, I had set aside the problem as possibly, after all, caused by an error SPANISH ARMADA LITERATURE.-I am collect- of the sculptor until lately, when, in an entirely ing bibliographical items relating to the above, independent quarter, I met with a precisely similar and shall be glad to receive information from computation made by a Puritan writer in the same any of your contributors who may have works decade. It occurs in a little book entitled 'Mans in their possession of a curious or out-of-the-badnes and Gods goodnes, or some Gospel truths way character, or such as may not be easily accessible to the ordinary reader. Dr. Garnett has laid down, explained, and vindicated,' &c., London, printed by M. Symmons, 1647. The author, "John Heydon, Minister of the Gospel," in a pre- official residence? Chester's Chronicles of the She was not very beautiful, If it be beauty's test And she did not look bewitchingly, &c. Who is the "American poetess" who wrote the following lines? God of the Granite and the Rose ! Soul of the Sparrow and the Bee ! Through countless channels, Lord, from thee. THE GEM PYROPUS.-In the late Dr. Neale's metrical English version of the poem by Bernard the Cluniac, of which 'Jerusalem the Golden' is the best-known excerpt, the words "moenia clara pyropo" are translated, "thy streets with emeralds blaze" (The Rhythm of Bernard de Morlaix,' | Is this the correct enunciation of the proverb? London, J. T. Hayes, 1866, pp. 26, 43). Pyropus in Latin, and its derivative piropo in Italian, mean a carbuncle. Cf. Graglia's 'Dictionary.' Of course the word is originally Greek, and means Replies. NAMES. D. K. CLARK, (7th S. iv. 1, 90, 134, 170, 249.) MR. ADDY's rejoinder is weaker than his plea. I suppose that it is the weakness of his case that has induced him to occupy himself with the discussion of the imaginary charge that I have accused him of deriving English local names from Celtic sources. Otherwise I cannot understand why he should revert to a charge that I not only never preferred against him, but actually excepted him from, and whose application to him I have already explicitly disclaimed. "flame-coloured," which destroys the emerald RECORDS OF CELTIC OCCUPATION IN LOCAL theory. Rastall, in his 'Chronicles,' quotes some medieval Latin hexameters by Christopher Okland, which allude to the pyropus flashing in the famous collar of SS worn by the Knights of the Garter. His words are, "flammis interlucente pyropo." The whole passage, which is very beautiful, is evidently derived from the Nuptials of Honorius and Maria,' which is either by the great Claudian or by his Christian Græco-Egyptian namesake, wrongly, according to Dr. Ludwig Jeep, of Leipzig, confounded with the great Latin poet of the Silver Age. How did this confusion between the pyropus, or carbuncle, and the emerald, or smaragdus, arise? Possibly because in an interesting passage in one of the dialogues of Erasmus (Er., Dial. Ciceron.,' Lugd., Bat., 1643, p. 120) he couples them, but only to distinguish one from the other: "Quid dissimilius quam smaragdus et pyropus?” H. DE B. H. ADDY accuses me of making reckless charges. I I must protest against the manner in which MR. asserted, and I repeat, that certain etymologies put forward by DR. TAYLOR and MR. ADDY implied ignorance of the Anglo-Saxon declensions. The proof of this accusation, which MR. ADDY brands as absurd, is that these etymologies are founded on the assumption that a gen. pl. in s existed in Anglo-Saxon, and it is an elementary fact of A.-S. grammar that there was no such gen. pl. form. To disprove this charge MR. ADDY imports the name Hun-ton into the discussion, erroneously assumes that it represents an A.-S. *Húnatún, and alleges that I have" in effect" stated that to explain such a form as meaning "town of Huns" implies an ignorance of A.-S. grammar. Of course I never made any such absurd charge. It is a charge that no man in his senses would make. MR. ADDY's careful study of his A.-S. grammar renders his adherence to these etymologies involving a gen. pl. in s all the more inexcusable, for his MS. anno-shire Bednall appears as Bede-hala (=*Bédantations of his grammar argue that he does not wish heall); and the Lincolnshire Bucknall (=*Buccanto put himself, like some etymologists, supra gram-heall) is spelt Buche-hale.* maticam, although, it is true, he displays some impatience of phonological restraint. His argument that, if a knowledge of the non-existence of an A.-S. gen. pl. in s could have been obtained so easily as I said, it is not "likely that any reasonable person would avoid seeking it," is more amusing than conclusive. So far from Hun-tone representing *Húna-tún, it is clearly equivalent to *Húnes-tún, and it thus supports my contention. My studies of Domesday phonology soon led me to perceive that the scribes of that work frequently omitted the gen. es. I select, to prove this, a few examples of local names compounded with personal names, since these witnesses are free from doubt. In the following table I have placed the modern name in the first column, the Domesday form in the second, and the personal name in the third : Thoro-ton Nottinghamshire. Agemun-tone Osuui-torp Derbyshire. O.N. por-varð-r. O.N. Þórð-r. O.N. Og-mund-r. A.-S. Os-wíg. A.S. Ealh-mund Lincolnshire. Asgere-bi O.N. As-geirr. Finding that the facts do not agree with his views, MR. ADDY attempts to get over them by an assertion that it is difficult to reconcile with any respect for A.-S. grammar. He tells us that it seems clear to him that both Huns-ton and Hunton represent an A.-S. *Húna-tún, "town of Huns." It is manifestly wrong to state that the Domesday Hunes-tune represents an A.-S. *Húna-tún, but MR. ADDY attempts to justify this assertion by saying that the old inflections "were dying out or changing to newer forms "when Domesday was compiled. This Alkman-ton is one of those vague, unsupported assertions with which we are only too familiar in local etymology, Asgar-by and, like most of these shadowy generalizations, it Aslack-by is entirely wrong. In the first place, the names in Hawer-by Húnes, &c., do not depend solely upon the testi-Thurlby (Bourne) Tvrolve-bi, Torulf-bi O.N. þór-ólf-r. mony of Domesday, for I quoted several A.-S. These names suggest that the English in forming instances; secondly, even if the gen. pl. in s local names followed the old Teutonic (and Aryan) had been in common use in 1086, it would not system of using the stem as the compounding form. support MR. ADDY, for these names were comBut it is evident from the A.-S. charters that they pounded centuries before that date; and, finally, invariably used the later system of compounding there is not the slightest evidence of the existence with the gen. for this purpose, for amongst the of this gen. pl. when Domesday was compiled. There hundreds of local names recorded there are only is, therefore, absolutely no reason for holding that the one or two dubious instances where the gen. of the Domesday Hunes-tune represents an A.-S. *Húna personal name is wanting. Hence we may conclude tún; and there is very little more reason to believe that the gen. es originally formed part of the names that the Yorkshire Hun-tone comes from this in the above cases, although it is omitted by the *Húna-tún. According to the phonology of Domesday scribes. We have, fortunately, several Domesday, this latter name would appear as instances where the Survey gives two forms of the *Hune-tune or *Hune-tone, not as Hun-tone. names of certain villages-one with and the other And even if *Hune-tune existed, it would not without the gen. sing. Here are a few examples:benefit MR. ADDY's case, for such a form would also represent an A.-S. *Húnan-tún, from the personal name Hún-a.* This *Hune-tone is precisely the form we should expect *Húnan-tún to assume in Yorkshire, for Northumbrian began to drop the n of the weak declensions so early as Bede's time. Moreover, the Domesday scribes frequently represented the weak gen. an by e, even in cases where we can prove that the full form still existed at that time. Thus the A.-S. Huntan-dún, Huntingdon, is spelt Hunte-dun in the Survey; the Derbyshire Willington is given as Wille-ton;t the Stafford *Compare, A.D. 943, Húnan-weg (Cart. Sax.,' ii. 524, 9); A.D. 947, Húnan-héafod (Cod. Diplom.,' v. 313, 13); and the Norfolk Hun-worth, which occurs in Domesday as Hune-worda, Hune-uurde, and Huna-worda, representing an A.-S. *Hunan-weordig. This must, on the analogy of Huntingdon, represent an A.-S. * Willan-tún, from the personal name Will-a. Thurgar-ton Aslock-ton Audle-by Nottinghamshire, O.N. þor-geir-r. O.N. As-lák.r. Aslache-tone Lincolnshire. Adulfes-bi Aldulue-bi A.-S. Eald-wulf. * This name occurs as Buken-hale in one of the spurious Croyland charters, dated 1051, in Cod. Dipl., iv. 126, 12, and as Boken-hale, A.D. 806, in 'Cart. Sax.,' i. 453, 28-one of the clumsiest forgeries in the collection. The Staffordshire Bucknall is called Bucken-ole in the Survey. + Compare Aslaches-hou (now Aslacoe) Hundred in the same county, the Yorkshire Aslaches-bi, and the Nottinghamshire Aslock-ton in the next table. (Hunestanes-tuna* Hunesta[n]-tuna have stated, "a distinct sound, not produced without an effort," in Middle English, whereas in the seventeenth century the gh was almost as much an orthographical tradition as it is now. The early names of Bright-side do not support MR. ADDY'S proposition, for it is not easy to derive these forms from Bright, and it is impossible to derive them from Bryt. His suggested Brittisc-eard is a most improbable name, which derives no support from the Brichisherd of A.D. 1181. The A.-S. eard is a is, I believe, no instance on record of its being so very unlikely constituent of a local name, and there used. Then we have cases where the two forms exist side by side in the same county, although, apparently, referring to different villages. Such are the Derbyshire Normanes-tune and Norman-tune, lieving, on the evidence of the local name FrankishAfter he has shown us that he is capable of beWales-tune and Wale-tune, the Yorkshire Ansgotes-well and the compellation "omnibus hominibus bi and Ansgote-bi, and the Northamptonshire Wendles-berie and Wendle-berie. We cannot resist the conclusion that these two forms are identical in meaning, more especially when the two forms are applied to one village. As it is very unlikely that an unnecessary es would be inserted, and as we have seen that the genitival is the typical A.-S. form, we may safely conclude that in the above cases the form embodying the gen. is the original. Then, as Domesday frequently omits the gen. in cases where we know from its own evidence that it still formed part of the name, we may reasonably conclude that the gen. es existed in other local names that happen to be recorded in Domesday in only the later, non-genitival form.+ Hence I hold that Hun-ton is identical in meaning with Huns-ton, and that both are derived from A.-S. Húnes-tún, which can only mean the town of a man bearing a name beginning with the name-stem Hún. 11 MR. ADDY is not more fortunate with his arguments in support of his Bright Bryt, Briton, theory. To prove that a Middle English gh does not invariably represent an original Teutonic guttural spirant, MR. ADDY produces an instance dating from 1637, and he does not even then prove that the gh is not original. This sound was, as I *There is in Cod. Dipl.' (iv. 58) a grant to St. Edmondsbury by Bishop Elf-ríc (ob. 1038), of East Anglia, of Hunstánes-tún, which Kemble identifies with Hunston, in Suffolk. The Norfolk Hunstanton is called locally Hunston, and this form seems to be recorded in the Domesday Hunes-tuna. If I am right in this identification, we have here clear proof that Hún in local names is derived from a personal name. Hunstanton is undoubtedly derived from a personal name, but it is nevertheless cited by DR. TAYLOR as being "possibly due to the Huns." t The Staffordshire Ettings-hall supports this conclusion. The gen. is still preserved in this name, although it is omitted in the Domesday Eting-hale. The omission of the Domesday es in later times is illustrated by the Staffordshire Norma-cott, which occurs in the Testa de Neville,' p. 52, circa 1220, as Normane-cot. In Domesday it is Normanes-cote. MR. ADDY's instance, moreover, is one embodying a final, not a medial gh. Sheffield in 1499. Francis et Anglis," that settlements of Franks existed long after the Norman Conquest, and that he is prepared to introduce a Finnish settlement on the strength of an inadmissible explanation of Finch-well, it is scarcely surprising that MR. ADDY should affirm, on the sole evidence of the local name Yrish Cross, that an Irish quarter existed in This is a very improbable assumption. It must be borne in mind, too, that the Iryssh of our older records were, as their names Pale. The Irish quarters of English towns are, I frequently prove, generally men from the English believe, of quite recent origin. Their existence in the days of the Tudors and Stuarts seems hardly harsh laws against vagrancy, and the brutality compatible with the firm administration of the with which the burgesses of the corporate town treated non-burgess settlers within their liberties. I cannot see that these parasitic Irish settlements, even if they had existed for so long a period as MR. ADDY Supposes, support the view that independent villages of Welshmen existed for centuries on English soil at great distances from the Welsh border. The population of an Irish quarter is, to forces operating for the maintenance of its Celtic a very large extent, a floating one, and there are character that must have been wanting in MR. ADDY's hypothetical Welsh villages. I refer more particularly to the frequent infusions of new blood from the Emerald Isle, and to the facilities of communication. In spite of the numerous forces working for the perpetuation of these Irish quarters, the older families frequently become denationalized, and their Irish origin becomes a family tradition. It is hardly possible that an Irish quarter could, if it were absolutely severed for four centuries from communication with Ireland, successfully resist absorption into the surrounding English population. Yet MR. ADDY's etymologies of such names as Wales-by presuppose that the Welsh inhabitants of such villages maintained their Celtic character unimpaired by four centuries of contact with the surrounding population. Such etymologies ask us "to admit that the human nature and the |