It is true all the species of uredo which I have hitherto examin. ed, and those described by Persoon, are parasitical plants, growing upon other vegetables; but that I think does not prove that there are none that grow otherwise. I know at least one instance that these same parasitical plants can, and do, vegetate and propagate on other substances than living plants, for, in 1807, during my investigation of the diseases in corn, I put some barley and oat ears, which were partially infected with smut (which is the uredo segetum,) into brown paper, to preserve as specimens, in which, on examining them in about three or four months afterwards, I found the fungi had not only entirely consumed several of the ears, but had continued growing and multiplying on the paper, on which they had spread from the several spikets of the ears in distinct rays, of two or three inches in length, and the quantity of fungi thus produced on the paper is at least three times. the quantity the original ears could have contained; these specimens are still in my possession. I have no doubt but that the uredo segetum, as well as the uredo fatida, vegetate and propagate in like manner on the soil, it being a known fact that the pureşt seed-corn, sown on land which, several years before, produced those diseases, will likewise be infected, though, during the interval, no wheat or barley has been cultivated on that ground; and it is not probable that these fungi and their seed should have been lying in the ground inactive for several years; but their extreme minuteness, and their dark colour, renders it almost impossible to detect them on the ground; perhaps some future observations might ascertain these facts more decisively.

The method I have used to ascertain the real shape and size of these fungi, is that which a thirty year's practice and experience has convinced me to be the most simple and most accurate ; and, in cases of such extremely minute objects, the only practicable mode, viz., by means of a glass micrometer, in a Dollond's compound microscope.

The micrometer employed on this occasion, was a line of an inch in length, divided into 400 parts, which divides the square inch into 160,000 parts, or squares. On examination under the microscope, I found that four full-grown fungi, in a close line,

400

occupy exactly the space of a part of an inch in length, (sec Fig. 1;) therefore 1,600 of these fungi are required to form a whole inch in length. Hence the real diameter of an individual full-grown fungus of uredo nivalis is the one thousand six hundredth part of an inch.

In the annexed plate, Fig. 1, represents a 160,000 part of a square inch, and shews that, in order to cover its whole surface, -16 fungi are required; consequently, to cover the surface of an entire square inch, two million five hundred and sixty thousand such fungi are requisite.

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The above 160,000 part of a square inch (Fig. 1.) being represented of the size of a whole square inch; it is therefore magnified 400 times in diameter, and 160,000 times superficies, and every object represented within that square is consequently magnified in the same degree, viz., four hundred times in diameter, and one hundred and sixty thousand times in superficies.

The form and size of the fungi is ascertained, as above stated, by means of the glass micrometer, in a transparent state, and their colour, by placing them on white paper, and viewing them with a strong magnifying single lens, in an opaque state.

To afford an opportunity for immediate comparison, I have re presented in the annexed plate, two well-known species of uredo, viz. uredo fatida, which grows within the grains of wheat, and constitutes the discase known by the name of smut-balls, or pepperbrand (see Figs. 10, 11,) and the uredo graminis, which grows on the leaves of wheat and most grasses, and occasions the disease called the red rust, (Fig. 8, 9.) Those figures are magnified in the same degree as uredo nivalis.

Kew-Green, 25th April, 1819.

:

FRANCIS BAUER.

Explanation of the Plate. (Plate VI.)

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Fig. 1. A 1600g part of a square inch, containing 16 fullgrown fungi of uredo nivalis, magnified 400 times in diameter, or 160,000 times in superficies.

Fig. 2. Some young fungi.

Fig. 3. Some full-grown fungi, but larger than the usual, or general, size.

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Fig. 4. A large sized fungus, in a colourless and transparent state, when it is seen that these fungi are neither recticular nor cellular, but the granular contents are in that state perceptible.

Fig. 5. A cluster of fungi of different sizes, on their spawn, as found in the original bottle.

Fig. 6. A cluster of nearly full-grown colourless fungi, on their spawn, as lately grown in an open glass in the house.

Fig. 7. A small cluster of full-grown fungi, in a dry state. All the above figures represent uredo nivalis.

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Fig. 8. A cluster of the same fungi on their spawn. Fig. 9. A part of an inch in diameter, sustaining 3 fullgrown fungi of uredo graminis. In these fungi a hexagonal recticulation is perceptible.

Fig. 10. A cluster of the same fungi of different sizes and ages, on their spawn.

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Fig. 11. A part of an inch in diameter, sustaining 4 fullgrown fungi of uredo fætida.

Every object in this plate is magnified four hundred times in diameter, and one hundred and sixty thousand times in superficies; and if the objects were contemplated as solids, they would be magnified sixty-four millions of times.

ART. III. Additional Remarks relating to the Ægina Marbles, described in the Sixth Volume of this Journal. By C. R. Cockerell, Esq.

I VISITED Athens with Mr. Foster, in 1811, and we had the good fortune to meet with a society of Germans, whose objects and pursuits were, like our own, chiefly directed to the remains of art. In examining the temples of Athens, with our lamented friend and companion, the Baron Haller*, some details, of sin

* This estimable and ingenious man expired at Athens, after a short illness, brought on by exposure to the malaria of the country. His virtues, and singularly amiable qualities, have rendered his loss most severe to his friends, and his death has deprived the world, in a great measure, of many valuable notices on Greek remains, which his long stay and unexampled diligence had collected. The portion of his labours in which I had a part, gular interest and novelty, induced us to form the project of excavating the Temple of Jupiter at Ægina, for the purpose of ascertaining how far these might be found common to other remains of Grecian architecture, as well as for the general object of advancing our studies.

Mr. Linckh, of Stutgard, joined our party, and in the latter end of May, we visited the remains, and pitched our tent under the platform on which the temple stood. An ancient cave immediately under the north-east angle of it, which doubtless served the purposes of oracular and other mysteries of the god, was now converted into the habitation of our servants, and for the conveniency of our encampment.

Being at some distance from the village, we provided ourselves with arms, and a Janissary from Athens, for the Saronic gulf is so infested with the Mainiot and other pirates, as often to deter travellers from risking a visit to so remote a spot.

We, however, formed a strong party, and watching by turns with a blazing fire, for which the woody sides of the Panhellenian Mount provided very amply, we were in little apprehension of interruption. Here we passed nearly twenty days in the delightful pursuit of this excavation, and we attained completely the object of our journey, in the restoration on paper, from the admeasurements we procured, of every detail of this ancient temple.

WWe had not expected the extraordinary result which forms the subject of this Memoir, for it could hardly be supposed that a period of at least 2,000 years could have passed, during which from the curiosity of travellers, even the hand of man, should have left these singular remains unnoticed.

The present proprietor, His Royal Highness the Prince Royal of Bavaria, has reserved the publication of the details of his statues on an enlarged scale, and as they are now placed in the Gallery at Munich, it is hoped that they will shortly appear with all the minuteness and attention due to such interesting subjects; the casts of them, however, which, by an agreement at the sale,

is, however, in my hands, in consequence of an arrangement between us at the time of our separation; but the greater part are in the possession of H. R. H. the Prince Royal of Bavaria.

were to be furnished to the several former proprietors, are daily expected in England. The exertions of Mr. Foster and myself to acquire the originals for this country, are well known to those acquainted with the proceeding of the Committee of the House of Commons, on the subject of the Athenian Marbles.

The Æginetan statues furnish the only illustrations in our possession, of the heroic costume and armour, as described by Homer, Æschylus, and the earliest Grecian writers; and the great nicety of execution in the smallest details, corresponds perfectly with the exactness which the poets have observed in their description; a minute and scrupulous attention is paid to each tie and fastening, and as if the whole had been offered to the severest scrutiny, the parts never seen, were equally furnished with exact resemblance of each particular detail, in the most ancient coinş of Corinth, Sybaris, Posidonia, and the earliest Greek cities of Italy, as well as of Ionia, which were much earlier proficients in arts, than those of Greece Proper; and in the vases of the most archaic style (commonly in black on a red ground) we trace the character which is developed and explained in these statues.

In Fig. 1*, the right hand and wrist are restored; the whole of the wrist, though in various fragments, was perfectly preserved. The person whom it represents has received a wound in the breast, apparently by an arrow, which seems to have been of bronze; the incisure is deeply cut; the right hand is endeavouring to extract it; the attitude is singularly supported on the left arm, the hip, and right leg :-the countenance is smiling and unmoved; the hair, waving regularly from the centre of the head, is curled in two rows with great exactness, and falls down the back in a long and broad mass. On the left and right shoulder are three small holes, by which fillets or ringlets, ornamental to the head, and in metal, were fastened; the hair is, besides, bound with a fillet or string.

Fig. 2. Every part of this statue was found entire, and in its general form and anatomy, we are struck with the resemblance to nature: the stage of the art is, as already described, remarkably

* See the Plates in the last volume of this Journal.