This is an etymological error; the Joliba is not a compound word; if it were, it would be Bahar Joli, not Ba Joli or Joliba; thus do learned men, through a rage for criticism, and for want of a due knowledge of African languages, render confused, by fancied etymologies, that which is sufficiently clear and perspicuous.

Page 191. "The river of Darkulla, mentioned by Mr. Brown." This is evidently an error; there probably is no such place or country as Darkulla; there is, however, an alluvial country, de nominated Bahar Kulla, (vide map of Africa, in the new Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica, p. 88, lat. N. 8°, longitude East 20o.) I apprehend this Darkulla (when the nations of Europe shall be better acquainted with Africa) will be discovered to be a corruption of Bahar Kulla, or an unintelligible and an ungrammatical term. Diaar Kulla is grammatical, and implies a country full of houses; Darkulla is an ungrammatical and an incorrect term, and literally rendered into English signifies many houses. This being premised, we may reasonably suppose that Bahar Kulla is the proper term; which forms, as I have always understood, the junction of the Neel Elabeed with the Bahar Elabeed, called in the modern maps of Africa, Bahar Elabeade, and hence forming a continuity* of waters from Timbuctoo to Cairo.

191. In this geographical dissertation of Mr. Bowdich, the word Niger is still used, which is a name altogether unknown in Africa, and calculated to confuse the geographical inquirer. As this word is unintelligible to the natives of Africa, whether they be Arabs, Moors, or Negroes, ought it not to be altogether expunged from the Maps? E.

192. In the note in this page, Jackson's report of the source of the Neel Elaheed, and the source of the Senegal, is confirmed by the Jinnee Moors (see Jackson's Appendix, to his account of Marocco, enlarged edition, p. 311.) It is said that, thirty days from Timbuctoo they eat their prisoners. Does this allude to † Banbugr!

See my letter in the Monthly Magazine, for March, 1817, page 125. + The qr in Banbuqr is the Arabic &. Richardson, in his Arabic Grammar, renders this letter gh, which demonstrates that his knowledge

and has not this word been corrupted by Europeans into Banbarra, or Bambarra. See Mr. Bowdich's MS., No. 3, p. 486, (Bambuqr, who eat the flesh of men,) Jackson's translation.

193. The government of Jinnee appears to be Moorish, because Mulai (not Malai) Smaera, signifies, in the Arabic language, the Prince Smaera; the term does not belong to Negroes, but exclusively to Mohammedans. Mulai Bukari (not Malai Bacharroo, which is a Negro corruption of the word,) the race of Bukari, called Abecd Mulai Bukari, is renowned among the Negroes of Sudan; the Negroes of this race form the best troops of the emperor of Morocco's army, and the body-guard, consisting of 5,000 picked men, are exclusively of the Abeed Mulai, or Seedy Bukari; they are well-disciplined troops, and are the only soldiers that can effectually be put in hostile competition with the Berebbers of the Atlas Mountains.

Note, p. 194. Dapper's description of Africa is here quoted in confirmation of the decay of Timbuctoo, and Jackson is accused of extravagance; the latter I shall pass by, it being an assertion unsupported by any substantial testimony, but immediately afterwards is the following passage:

"The three last kings before Billa (id est, Billabahada,) were Osamana (id est, Osaman, Osamana being the feminine gender,) Da Woolo, and Abass. Mr. Jackson says, there was a king Woolo reigning in 1800; and a Moor who had come from Timbuctoo to Comassie ten years ago, (viz., about 1807, or ten years before Mr. Bowdich was in Ashantee,) did not know king Woolo was dead, as he was reigning at the time he left Timbuctoo."

With regard to Dapper's assertion, it should be remembered that, if Timbuctoo was decaying in his time, that is about the period that Muley Ismäel ascended the throne of Morocco, viz., in 1672, it revived very soon after, that is, before the close of the 17th century. This powerful and politic emperor of Morocco had the address to establish and to maintain a strong garrison at Timbuctoo; and, accordingly, during his long reign of 55 years, viz.

of Arabic was only scholastic, no practical; it has no affinity whatever

from 1672 to 1727, Timbuctoo carried on a very extensive trade with Morocco, in gold dust, gum, sudan, ostrich feathers, ivory, &c.; and attabas, or cafilahs, or caravans, were going to and from Timbuctoo to Tafilett, Morocco, and Fas, throughout the year: and travelling was then as safe through the Sahara as it is now in the plains of Marocco, or in the roads in England; the only months during which the caravans did not travel were July and August, because the shume, or hot wind of the Desert, prevails during these two months. It is reported that Muley Ismäel was so rich in gold, that his kitchen utensils and the bolts of the gates of his palaces were of solid gold. Timbuctoo continued, with little diminution, to carry on a lucrative trade with Marocco during the reign of the emperor Muley Abdallah, son and successor of Ismäel, and also during the reign of * Seedy Mohammed ben Abdallah, who died about the year 1795, a sovereign universally regretted by his subjects, who was father to the reigning emperor, Muley Solimen ben Mohammed. If, therefore, the trade with Timbuctoo declined in Leo's time, (1570) it unquestionably revived in Ismäel's reign, and also during the reign of his son Abdallah, and of his grandson Mohammed. Since the decease of Mohammed, the trade has declined, because the present emperor's policy leads him to discourage commerce, and to encourage the agriculture and the manufactures of his country, so far as to supply the wants of his own country, and not farther, his political principle being to make his country and its produce sufficient for itself, and as independent as possible of foreign supplies.

Da Woolo is a reverential term, and is synonymous with Woolo, signifying king Woolo.

Park says, Mansong was king of Timbuctoo in 1796, and in 1805, implying thereby that he reigned from 1796 to 1805.

Isaaco says, Woolo was predecessor to Mansong, consequently, according to this, Tew Woolo was king before the year 1796. Mr. Bowdich's Moor left him king at Timbuctoo in 1807; there

* It should be observed, that an emperor, having the name of the Arabian prophet, is called Seedy; but having any other name, he is denominated Muley, or Mulai.

fore, if Mr. Park's testimony be admitted as correct, Woolo must have been predecessor, and successor to Mansong; otherwise Mr. Park was not correct in saying that Mansong was king of Timbuctoo, in 1796 and in 1805.

Adams says, Woolo was king of Timbuctoo in 1810, and was old and grey-headed. Riley's Narrative also confirms his age and grey hair; with regard to my testimony, that * Woolo was king of Timbuctoo in 1800, I had it from two Moorish merchants of veracity, who returned from Timbuctoo in 1800, after residing there fourteen years. They are both alive now, and reside at Fas; their names I would mention, were I not apprehensive that it might lead to a reprimand from the emperor, and create jealousy for having communicated intelligence respecting the interior of this country. I should not have entered into this detail, if the editor of the Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica (article Africa) had not asserted that I have committed an anachronism, in asserting that Woolo was king of Timbuctoo in 1800, thereby insinuating that Park was right and that I was wrong.

Page 195. The editor of Adam's Narrative is, I apprehend, incorrect in saying, that the name Fatima affords no proof that the queen, or the wife of Woolo, was a Mohammedan. Fatima is incontestably an Arabian proper name, and it would be considered presumption in a Negress, not converted to Mohammedanism, to assume the name of Fatima. She must, therefore, have been necessarily a Mooress, or a converted Negress; the name has nothing to do with a numeral, and, above all, not with the numeral five, for that is a number ominous of evil in Africa, and as such would never have been bestowed as a name on a beloved wife.

Page 196. Note of W. Hutchinson. "The four greatest monarchs known on the banks of the Quolla are Baharnoo, Santambool, Malisimid, and Malla, or Mallowa." Baharnoo should, as I apprehend, be written Ber Nah, i. e., the country of Noah, the Patriarch; it is called in the maps Bernoo, and the whole passage is calculated greatly to confuse African geography; the

* See my Letter in the Anti-Jacobin Review, on the Interior of Africa.... Jan. 1818, p. 453.

information is unquestionably derived from Negro authority, and that not of the most authentic kind. Santambool is the Negro corruption of Strambool, which is the Arabic for Constantinople. Malisimiel is the Negro corruption of * Muley Ismäel. The first signifies the empire of Constantinople, the second signifies the empire of Muley Ismäel, who was emperor of Marocco in the early part of the 18th century, and whose authority was acknowledged at Timbuctoo, where he maintained a strong garrison, and held the adjacent country in subjection. This being premised, one of these four great monarchies here alluded to, viz., that of Santambool is not certainly on the Quolla, unless the Quolla be considered the same river with the Egyptian Neele, and that Egypt be considered a part of the empire of Santambool; then and then only can it be said that the empire of Santambool is situated on the Quolla.

Page 198. "Two large lakes were described close to the northward of Houssa, one called Balahar Sudan, and the other Girrigi Maragasee."

The first of these names is a Negro corruption of the term Bahar Sudan, the other is a Negro name of another, if not of the same sea or lake; the situation of the Bahar Sudan is described by me in the Appendix to my account of Marocco, to be fifteen journeys east of Timbuctoo, and the Neel El Abecde passes through it. I have this information from no less than seven Moorish merchants of intelligence and veracity; the same is confirmed by Aly Bey, the Shereef Immhammed, Park, and Dr. Seitzen 1; all these authorities must therefore fall to the ground, if Mr. Bowdich's report on Negro Authority is to overturn these testimonies,

* See the Appendix to Jackson's Marocco, chap. 13, p. 295, and Note,

296.

† Muley Ismäel was great grandfather of the reigning emperor of Marocco, Muley Soliman. He established his power in Sudan, and had a strong garrison at Timbuctoo, where his name is still mentioned with reve

rence.

‡ See Jackson's Marocco, enlarged edition, chap. 13th.

F

For an elucidation of these opinions, see my Letter on the Interior of Africa, in the European Magazine, Feb. 1818, p. 113.