Informed WatermarkingThis book deals with digital watermarking, which is defined by the authors of this book as the art of hiding auxiliary information in digital data in a secure, robust and imperceptible fashion. Digital watermarking as a topic has a long history, but before 1995 publications in scientific literature were almost absent. From 1995 onwards however the number of publications on watermarking has been steadily increasing. Today a number of workshops and conferences on this topic exist; also a number of scientific journals on watermarking have been published. This renewed scientific interest in digital watermarking has led very quickly to industrial interest, as well. In 1996 the Copy Protection Technical Working Group, a voluntary consortium consisting of the movie industry, the IT industry and the consumer electronics industry, issued a call for watermarking technologies for the purpose of copy protection of DVD-Video. A few years later the Secure Digital Music Initiative issued a similar call, in this case focusing on copy protection of digital music. These two efforts have been only partially successful: copy protection based on digital watermarking is not (yet) implemented on a large scale in any type of consumer device. This current "failure" of watermarking, to live up to its expectations, finds its cause in a large number of reasons, ranging from legal considerations and system aspects to the relative immaturity of watermarking as a technology. |
Contents
INTRODUCTION | 1 |
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STATEOFTHEART | 7 |
212 Remarks on Notation and Problem Formulation | 8 |
22 Restrictions and Simplifications | 10 |
222 Data Modifications for Watermark Embedding | 11 |
223 Synchronized Watermark Reception | 12 |
224 Multiple Watermark Embedding | 13 |
231 Stochastic Data Description | 14 |
43 Step Size and Offset Estimation for SCS | 89 |
431 General Approach Based on Securely Embedded Pilot Sequences | 90 |
432 Model for the Conditional PDFs of Received Pilot Elements | 91 |
433 Parameter Estimation Based on Fourier Analysis | 93 |
435 Appropriate Choice of Parameters | 96 |
44 Chapter Summary | 100 |
APPLICATIONS | 103 |
511 System Design | 104 |
233 Stochastic Models Available to Embedder and Attacker | 15 |
24 Performance Evaluation of Digital Watermarking | 16 |
242 Watermark Detection | 18 |
2422 Detection Based on Soft Information | 19 |
25 SpreadSpectrum Watermarking | 20 |
252 Performance of SS Watermarking Facing AWGN Attacks | 21 |
253 SpreadTransform Watermarking | 22 |
26 Exploiting Side Information at the Encoder | 23 |
261 Blind Watermarking for AWGN Attacks | 24 |
262 Quantization Index Modulation QIM | 25 |
263 Costas Scheme | 27 |
27 A GameTheoretic Approach to Digital Watermarking | 29 |
271 Definition of the Watermarking Game | 30 |
272 Solution of the Game for Gaussian Data | 31 |
INFORMATION EMBEDDING INTO IID SIGNALS FACING AN AWGN ATTACK | 33 |
312 SCS Decoder | 36 |
313 Related Blind Watermarking Schemes | 37 |
321 Distribution of Watermarked Data | 38 |
323 BER for Uncoded Transmission | 40 |
325 Capacity of SCS Watermarking facing AWGN attacks | 42 |
33 HighRate SCS Communication | 45 |
34 LowRate SCS Communication | 48 |
342 Comparison of SCS with Repetition Coding and STSCS | 49 |
343 Capacity of ST Watermarking and Optimal Spreading Factor | 51 |
344 SCS with StateoftheArt Channel Coding | 52 |
35 Inverse SCS | 54 |
351 Inverse SCS in the Noiseless Case | 55 |
352 Inverse SCS after AWGN Attack | 56 |
3521 Estimation of the Original Signal | 57 |
3522 Achievable Distortion Reduction | 59 |
36 Detection of Information Embedded with SCS | 62 |
362 SCS Watermark Detection from a Group of Elements | 63 |
37 Chapter Summary | 64 |
DIGITAL WATERMARKING A GAME BETWEEN EMBEDDER AND ATTACKER | 67 |
411 SAWN Attacks and Effective AWN Attacks | 68 |
412 Solving the Watermarking Game for SAWN Attacks | 71 |
413 Watermarking of IID Gaussian Signals | 73 |
414 Suboptimal Watermarking Schemes Facing the SAWGN Attack | 75 |
42 Watermarking of NonIID Signals | 78 |
422 Attack Strategy for Fixed Embedding Strategy | 81 |
423 Optimizing the Embedding Strategy | 86 |
5112 Hash Computation and Structure Normalization | 105 |
5113 Watermark Embedding into a Single Molecule Structure | 106 |
5114 Watermark Reception from a Single Molecule | 107 |
5116 Host Data Extraction and Quality Criteria | 108 |
512 Performance Evaluation | 109 |
5122 Verification of Decoded Watermark Message | 111 |
5123 Perfect Attack on Parts of the Data | 112 |
521 Communication of Watermark Messages via Image Data | 113 |
5212 Watermark Capacity Analysis | 115 |
5213 Coded BDCTDomain STSCS Watermarking | 120 |
5214 Experimental Results for FACGN Attacks | 123 |
5215 Experimental Results for JPEG Compression Attacks | 125 |
522 Image Integrity Verification Based on SCS Watermarks | 129 |
5222 Digital Watermarking Applied to Integrity Verification | 130 |
5223 Watermark Design for Integrity Verification of Image Data | 131 |
5224 Detection Error Rates after JPEG Compression | 132 |
5225 Example Image Manipulation | 133 |
53 Chapter Summary | 134 |
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK | 137 |
62 The Game Between Watermark Embedder and Attacker | 139 |
63 Applications for Digital Watermarking | 141 |
64 Future Research Topics | 142 |
Properties of SCS Transmission | 143 |
A2 PDF of extracted SCS information after AWGN attacks | 145 |
A3 Derivation Details for Inverse SCS Mapping | 146 |
A4 SCS Watermarking Facing Scalar Quantization Attacks | 147 |
Solution of the Watermarking Game for SAWN Attacks | 151 |
Optimization of Attack Strategy for Fixed Embedding Strategy | 153 |
C1 Optimization in Case of ICS Watermarking | 154 |
C2 Optimization in Case of SS Watermarking | 155 |
Optimization of the Embedding Strategy | 159 |
D1 Optimized Embedding and Attack for ICS Watermarking | 160 |
D2 Optimized Embedding and Attack for SS Watermarking | 161 |
D3 Optimized Embedding and Attack for STSCS Watermarking | 162 |
Test Images and Additional Results | 165 |
E2 Additional Image Statistics | 166 |
E3 STSCS Watermark Capacities for Image Data | 167 |
| 169 | |
| 179 | |
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Common terms and phrases
achieved allocation amplitude scaling attack distortion attack strategy AWGN attack BDCT BDCT-components binary SCS bit/element blind watermarking CAWGN codebook coded modulation components computed considered convolutional codes Costa scheme Costa's data elements DAtt decoding DEmb denotes derived digital watermarking distortion measure embedded watermark embedding distortion embedding strategy encoder error rate estimation FACGN Gaussian histograms image data image watermarking information hiding Inverse SCS JPEG compression Lbin Lenna Mandrill noise optimized embedding original data original signal parameters performance PSC-compliant PSNR PSNRA PSNRA,1 random received data repetition coding robust scalar quantization SCS embedding SCS watermarking side information spread transform spread-spectrum spreading factor ST-SCS watermarking structure subchannel termarking test images turbo coding vector verification watermark bits watermark capacity watermark detection watermark embedding watermark letters watermark message watermark receiver watermark signal watermarked data watermarking schemes WNR dB
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