PAGE 101.

1. 15. sortie à flots d'Alexandrie, which had poured forth from Alexandria'; à flots='with waves'. The dat. is used to form many adverbial expressions of manner, price, etc., e. g. à l'improviste, à toutes jambes, à vil prix, à bras ouverts.

1. 28. sur l'un des plis..., ' on one of the undulations of this same ground'; sur l'un=sur un, just as si l'on=si on; cp. p. 40, 1. 26.

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1. 3. le bouquet d'arbres, the clump of trees'; bouquet, in Old Fr. bosquet, properly=petit bois, der. from Low Lat. boscum, a wood.

1. 6. au risque des aiguillons, notwithstanding the thorns'.

1. 11. lierre rampant, 'creeping ivy'; lierre, Old Fr. ierre, hierre, from Lat. hedera. In the middle ages people properly said l'ierre, and it was not till towards the 15th cent. that the article became absolutely joined to the subst. so as to form lierre. This noun was then in its turn preceded by another article le lierre. This same corruption is found in the words le lendemain, le loriot, la luette, lors. Compare a similar absorption of the article into the subst. in the English words: nickname, newt, nugget (='an ingot').

1. 15. qui passementent..., 'which fringe its waters,' i.e. grow on its hanks; passementer properly is to trim with lace.

1. 33. les a paralysés de l'aile et de la voix, ‘has paralysed them in wing and voice'.

1. 21. 1. 29.

1. 34.

leise, soft.

PAGE 103.

le terrain débarrassé, 'the ground free (for the moment)'. vouloir se faire repousser, 'to court a repulse'.

lisse..., 'smooths the plaits on her brow'; der. from Ger.

1. 40. Albane. Francesco Albani (b. 1578, d. 1660) belonged to the Bolognese School founded by the Caracci. In point of original invention he is superior to Domenichino and perhaps to any other of the School; and in his representations of female forms he has no equal.

PAGE 104.

1. 1. sur une grande toile, on a large painting of a battle'. Toile, 'canvas,' Lat. tela.

1. 2. Salvator Rosa, a Neapolitan (b. 1615, d. 1673), belonged to the Roman School. Savage scenery, Alps, broken rocks and caves, wild thickets, and desert plains, are the kind of scenery in which he chiefly delighted; his trees are shattered, torn and dishevelled; and in the atmosphere itself he seldom introduced a cheerful hue, except occasionally a solitary sunbeam.

...que cette chaste toilette, 'was not this chaste attire...?' Why this redundant que? See p. 76, 1. 1.

1. 8. dans un même essor, lit. at one and the same spring'='all at once'; essor is a verbal subst. from essorer, late Lat. exaureare, 'to balance in air'.

1. 19. reprit le dessus, 'got the upper hand'. Cp. p. 86, 1. 8.

1. 25. se frayer un chemin, 'force her way through'; frayer, Old Fr. froyer, from the Lat. fricare, to rub.

1. 31. vint à se dissiper, 'at length cleared away'. Obs. that, when followed by an infinitive, venir à=' to contrive to ', venir de= 'to have just done'.

1. 37. faillit renverser, not manqua de; cp. p. 28, 1. 21.

1. 39. sacrant,' cursing'; many oaths begin with sacré, sacred'.

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1. 17. elle s'y refusa, 'she refused to do so'. Obs. that refuser, when used reflectively, requires the dat. of the indirect object = 'to oppose oneself'; y=' to it'.

III.

1. 21. qu'au milieu d'un groupe..., 'when in the middle of a group which opened out'; que is here used for lorsque.

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1. 18. sa femme, 'his wife'; femme is used colloquially for épouse. 1. 26. embrasé, 'all in a blaze'; embraser, to set on fire, derived from braise, glowing embers; not to be confounded with embrasser, to embrace (in brachia).

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1. 25. ce que peut la captivité, what captivity can (accomplish)'; pouvoir quelque chose, without faire, is a Latinism.

1. 34. suit d'autres lois que la justice des hommes, 'follows other laws than the justice of men'.

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1.2. réseau, a net-work'; formerly resel, from Lat. reticellum, diminutive of rete.

1. 8. heurtés de front, 'encountered in front'; heurter, lit. to hit, to strike.

IV.
PAGE 109.

1. 7.

serres de la Malmaison, 'the greenhouses of Malmaison'. The Château of Malmaison is about half-way between Paris and St Ger

main-en-Laye; it was the residence of the Empress Josephine after her divorce in 1809. Here she died in 1814, and was interred in the small church of Rueil, in which a monument was erected to her memory by her children Eugène Beauharnais (d. 1824), and Queen Hortense (d. 1837), mother of Napoleon III.

1. 10. la pourpre, 'purple'; names of colours are all masc.; here pourpre, Lat. purpura, is the imperial purple-bordered toga.

1. 15. enrégimentait..., 'arranged according to their order and species'.

1. 29. des grèves inondées, 'flooded strands'; grève is derived from Old Fr. grave which has given gravier, gravel.

1. 34. frontières vitrées, ' glass partitions'.

1. 36. l'hortensia, a kind of hydrangea, named after Josephine's daughter Hortense Beauharnais.

PAGE 110.

1. 8. à elle, 'her very own'. For a similar use of a disjunctive to emphasise a conjunctive pronoun, cp. p. 22, 1. 8.

1. 11. de la Martinique; Josephine (Marie Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie) was born at the Martinique, and was married there at the early age of 15 to Viscount Beauharnais.

1. 15. ses premières amours, 'her first love'; amour is masc. in the sing. but it was fem. in the middle ages and has retained that gender in the plural; when however it means parental or friendly love it remains masc., so also in the sense of Cupid.

1. 21. ses jours de captivité; Josephine was imprisoned after the death on the scaffold of her first husband Viscount Beauharnais; she was restored to liberty by Tallien.

PAGE 111.

1. 6. qu'il achevait sa revue par elle, that with her he ended his military review'.

1. 16. fourbus, 'footsore'; participle of the Old Fr. verb forboire, 'to drink hard'. It was believed that the foot disease in horses was caused by giving them too much water after a long journey.

1. 19. en qualité d'Autrichiens, acting the part of Austrians'.

1. 28. pour empêcher que la petite guerre ne devint; 'to prevent this sham fight becoming'. This ne after verbs of fearing and hindering is not the negation; que ne = Lat. quin or ne.

1. 34. on mit le tout sur le compte de, 'they put it all down to'.

1. 35. rasades, 'bumpers'; rasade is derived from raser, to shave, to graze (the liquor grazes the top of the full glass); the suffix ade expresses a repetition of actions or things of the same kind, as in promenade, embrassade; colonnade, balustrade.

PAGE 112.

1. 3. croix d'honneur, 'crosses of the Legion of Honour'. This order of knighthood was founded by Bonaparte in 1802 to reward mili

tary and civil services. Every Légionnaire has a right to wear an enamelled cross or a bit of red ribbon in one of the left button-holes of his coat; the officers wear a golden cross or a red rosette instead of the simple ribbon.

1. 5. Cisalpine, the Cisalpine republic (Northern Italy) founded by Bonaparte in 1797 lasted till 1805.

V.

1. 20. s'accouda des deux bras, 'leaned with both elbows'; accouder is derived from coude, elbow (Lat. cubitus).

PAGE 113.

1. 3. te va, 'suits you'; te is dat. Cp. p. 93,

1. 13.

1. 19. ne le fit tomber, 'should lead him into'. Que ne after craindre in an affirmative principal clause='lest'. See p. 111, 1. 28.

1. 33. j'en doute, I doubt it'; douter requires a gen., hence en; cp. Eng. 'I have a doubt of it'; se douter is to suspect.

PAGE 114.

Adjectives which in

1. 4. à grand' peine, with great difficulty'. Latin had the same termination for the masc. and fem. had but one also in Old Fr.; this has survived in the case of grand (Lat. grandis) in the combinations grand' mère, grand'peur, grand'messe, where the apostrophe has really no raison d'être.

1. 7. qu'est-ce à dire? 'what do you mean?' c'est à dire 'that is to say'.

1. 11. nonchalance de Créole, 'West Indian nonchalance'. The word Créole applies to all who are born in the West Indies; nonchalance is der. from nonchalant, cool, careless; Lat. non calens.

VI.

1. 27. s'amoncelaient, crowded on one another'.

PAGE 115.

1. 7. sanglots, 'sobs'; sanglot is a verbal subst. from sangloter, from Lat. singultare.

1. 9. voile, masc. a veil; from Lat. velum, whose plural vela, taken as if it were fem. sing., has given the subst. fem. voile, a sail; compare corne (cornua), pomme (poma).

1. 22. bourru, 'peevish,' 'crabbed'; connected with bourrer, to cram (with insults).

1. 23. fumant à pleine pipe, 'puffing away vigorously'.

1. 24. lui en vouloir de son malheur, 'to be angry with him for being unhappy'; en vouloir, lit. to wish of it (en, sc. some evil). 1. 31. ainsi en agissent, 'thus deal'; cp. p. 29, 1. 29.

1. 34. plutôt que de chercher, rather than seek'; when the comparison is between two infinitives que de is generally used instead of que.

PAGE 116.

1. 18. que faisait ressortir encore. Obs. that que is acc.

1. 40. faites-vous-en de la tisane, 'make some diet-drink out of it'; vous='for yourself'.

PAGE 117.

1. 3. à la bonne heure, 'very well,' 'all right'; de bonne heure= 'early'.

6

1. 9. gourmander vertement, to rebuke sharply'.
O che frascheria! (Ital.), what nonsense!'
tant il y a, the fact is'; lit. 'so much is there'.

1. 11.

1. 21.

1. 34.

d'en finir d'un coup, to settle it at once,' lit. 'to finish with it at one stroke'.

1. 20. un reste de poudre, still a little hair-powder'.

1. 30.

accès d'emportement, 'fits of temper. Compare s'emporter, to fly into a passion, p. 96, 1. 17.

1. 31. consonnances fâcheuses, clumsy expressions,' lit. 'unpleasant concords'.

1. 33. arrondissait le geste en saluant, 'made flourishes when saluting'.

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1. 4. en avait mal usé, 'had dealt unhandsomely'; user, v. a. is to consume, to use out; user, v. n. is to use, to make use of, and requires the gen.; accordingly, in the absence of a complement with de, the pronoun en must be used; en user envers quelqu'un = 'to deal by some one'. 1. 22. vous avez failli me compromettre, 'you have all but compromised me'. Cp. p. 28, 1. 21.

1. 32. au secret, 'in solitary confinement'.