20 πώποτε ὑπὲρ τῶν γραμμάτων. δεύτερον δὲ, τίς οὐκ ἂν, ἡνίκα ὁ Πασικλῆς ἀνὴρ γεγονὼς ἐκομίζετο τὸν λόγον τῆς ἐπιτροπῆς, εἰ δι ̓ αὑτοῦ τὰ γράμματ ̓ ὤκνει τὴν μητέρα αἰτιᾶσθαι διεφθαρκέναι, τούτῳ ταῦτ ̓ ἐδήλωσεν, ὅπως διὰ τούτου ταῦτα ἠλέγχθη; τρίτον δ', ἐκ ποίων γραμμάτων τὰς δίκας ἐλάγχανες; οὗτος γὰρ πολλοῖς τῶν πολιτῶν δίκας λαγχάνων πολλὰ χρήματα εἰσπέπρακται, γράφων εἰς τὰ ἐγκλήματα “ἔβλαψε με ὁ δεῖνα οὐκ ἀποδιδοὺς ἐμοὶ τὸ ἀργύριον, ὃ κατέλιπεν 21 “ ὁ πατὴρ ὀφείλοντα αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς γράμμασιν.” καίτοι εἰ ἠφάνιστο τὰ γράμματα, ἐκ ποίων γραμμάτων τὰς δίκας ἐλάγχανεν; ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι ταῦτ ̓ ἀληθῆ λέγω, τὴν μὲν νομὴν ἀκηκόατε, ἣν ἐνείματο, καὶ μεμαρτύρηται

.

α κατέλειπεν Ζ cum Σ. έλιπεν Bekk.

ὑπὲρ τῶν γραμμάτων.] sc. περὶ τῆς ἀφανίσεως αὐτῶν.

20. ἀνὴρ γεγονώς.] Cf. § 10, δοκιμασθέντος Πασικλέους.

ἐκομίζετο κ.τ.λ.] ' Was getting in an account of the guardianship,' i. e. the accounts from his guardians. Or. 27, κατ' Αφόβου ἐπιτροπῆς, § 50, πότερον ἐπιτροπευθεὶς ἀπεδέξατ ̓ ἂν τοῦτον τὸν λόγον παρὰ τῶν ἐπιτρόπων ;

τούτῳ. τούτου.] It seems best to refer these pronouns to Pasicles (with Reiske and Kennedy); not to Apollodorus (with G. H. Schaefer). The sense is: Assuming Apollodorus hesitated with his own lips to accuse his mother of destroying the documents; at any rate, when Pasicles came of age and was in course of receiving the report of his guardians' administration, is there any one who, under the circumstances, would not have stated the fact to his younger brother, and by his instrumentality had the matter

investigated?'

ὅπως ἠλέγχθη.] inf. § 47 ἵνα, 'that so they might be proved true or false,' &c. P.]

πολλὰ χρήματα εἰσπέπρακται.] 'He has succeeded in recovering large sums of money.' The famous general Timotheus, under pressure of political exigencies, in the years 374 to 372 B.C., borrowed more than forty-four minae from the banker Pasion, on whose death his son Apollodorus sues Timotheus for payment in a speech still extant, belonging probably to the year B. c. 362. (Or. 49, πρὸς Τιμόθεον ὑπὲρ χρέως. infr. §§ 36 and 54.

Cf.

21. ἐκ ποίων γραμμάτων.] It there were no papers, then the grounds of your actions were fraudulent, συκοφαντίαι, inf. In Or. 49, Pasion's papers are expressly cited, e.g. § 43, κελεύοντος ἐνεγκεῖν τὰ γράμματα ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης καὶ ἀντίγραφα αἰτοῦντος...ἐξενέγκας ἔδωκα ζητεῖν

22

ὑμῖν· τῶν δὲ λήξεων τούτων ἀναγνώσεται ὑμῖν τὰς μαρτυρίας. λαβὲ τὰς μαρτυρίας μοι.

ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑΙ.

Οὐκοῦν ἐν ταύταις ταῖς λήξεσιν ὡμολόγηκεν ἀπει- 95 1 ληφέναι τὰ τοῦ πατρὸς γράμματα· οὐ γὰρ δὴ συκοφαντεῖν γε, οὐδ ̓ ὧν οὐκ ὤφειλον οὗτοι δικάζεσθαι φήσειεν ἄν.

Νομίζω τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, μεγάλων καὶ πολλῶν ὄντων ἐξ ὧν ἔστιν ἰδεῖν οὐκ ἀδικοῦντα Φορ μίωνα τουτονὶ, μέγιστον ἁπάντων εἶναι, ὅτι Πασικλῆς, ἀδελφὸς ὢν ̓Απολλοδώρου τουτουὶ, οὔτε δίκην εἴληχεν οὔτ ̓ ἄλλ ̓ οὐδὲν ὧν οὗτος ἐγκαλεῖ. καίτοι οὐ δήπου τὸν μὲν παῖδα ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς καταλειφθέντα, καὶ οὗ τῶν ὄντων κύριος ἦν, ἐπίτροπος καταλελειμμένος, οὐκ ἂν ἠδίκει, σὲ δὲ, ὃς ἀνὴρ κατελείφθης τέτταρα καὶ

τὰ γράμματα καὶ ἐκγράφεσθαι ὅσα οὗτος ὠφειλεν, and § 59, τοῖς γράμμασι τοῖς τραπεζιτικοῖς.

λήξεων μαρτυρίας.] The depositions in support of' (or 'verifying') 'these plaints.' For λήξις, cf. supr. δίκας ἐλάγ χανεν, also Or. 45 § 50, τῇ τοῦ διώκοντος λήξει ἣν ἐγὼ τούτῳ ψευδομαρτυριῶν εἴληχα and Or. 33 § 35, ἐγκέκληκε καὶ τὴν λῆξιν πεποίηται.

§ 22. Argument from the silence of plaintiff's younger brother. Pasicles, as a minor, had been much more liable to be wronged by the defendant, who as testamentary guardian had control over his ward's property. Pasicles makes no complaint. Therefore (it is tacitly assumed) he had no complaint to make. A fortiori defendant is not likely to have wronged the plaintiff, who at his father's death was a man of four and twenty, and fully able to defend himself.

Φορμίωνα τουτονί.] τουτονὶ need not refer to Apollodorus, but may be taken with Φορμίωνα, cf. infr. 'Απολλοδώρου τουτουί.

οὔτ ̓ ἄλλ' κ.τ.λ.] sc. οὔτε ἄλλο οὐδὲν ἐγκαλεῖ ὧν οὗτος (ἐγκαλεῖ).

τὸν.] Construe with καταλειφ θέντα, παῖδα being a predicate.

κύριος...ἐπίτροπος.] Cf. Or. 38 § 6, τῶν ἐπιτρόπων οἳ μετὰ τὸν ἐκείνου θάνατον τῶν ἡμετέρων ἐγένοντο κύριοι.

σὲ δὲ.] sc. ἂν ἠδίκει. Notice the double force of the negative, οὐ δήπου οὐκ ἂν ἠδίκει, ‘Surely he would not have abstained from wronging one who had been left a minor by his father, and over whose property he had a legal power and authority, as having been left guardian of it, and yet have wronged you,' &c. So inf. § 46, οὐδὲ τὸν Φορμίωνα ἐκεῖνος οὐχ ὁρᾷ. [Expectabam, οὐ δήπου σὲ μὲν ἂν ἠδίκει, τὸν δὲ παῖδα οὔ. Shilleto, De Fals. Leg. § 390, not. crit. P.]

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εἴκοσιν ἔτη γεγονώς, καὶ ὑπὲρ σαυτοῦ ῥᾳδίως ἂν τὰ δίκαια ἐλάμβανες εὐθὺς, εἴ τι ἠδικοῦ. οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα, ὡς τοίνυν ταῦτ ̓ ἀληθῆ λέγω καὶ ὁ Πασικλῆς οὐδὲν ἐγκαλεῖ, λαβέ μοι τὴν τούτου μαρτυρίαν.

ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑ.

Α τοίνυν ἤδη περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ μὴ εἰσαγώγιμον εἶναι τὴν δίκην δεῖ σκοπεῖν ὑμᾶς, ταῦτ ̓ ἀναμνήσθητε ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων. ἡμεῖς γὰρ, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναίοι, γεγενημένου μὲν διαλογισμοῦ καὶ ἀφέσεως τῆς τραπέζης καὶ τοῦ ἀσπιδοπηγείου τῆς μισθώσεως, γεγενημένης δὲ διαίτης καὶ πάλιν πάντων ἀφέσεως, οὐκ ἐώντων τῶν νόμων δίκας ὧν ἂν ἀφῇ τις ἅπαξ λαγχάνειν, 24 συκοφαντοῦντος τούτου καὶ παρὰ τοὺς νομοὺς δικαζομέ νου παρεγραψάμεθα ἐκ τῶν νόμων μὴ εἶναι τὴν δίκην εἰσαγώγιμον. ἵν ̓ οὖν εἰδῆθ ̓ ὑπὲρ οὗ τὴν ψῆφον οἴεἰδῆθ' Bekk.

• ἴδητε Z cum Σ.

of

ὁ Πασ. οὐδὲν ἐγκαλεῖ.] Brings no claim against Phormio,' i.e. for property of his father's withheld. Cf. Οr. 45, κατὰ Στεφ. Α §§ 83, 84, where Apollodorus meets the objection arising from the silence Pasicles by broaching a suspicion that he is his half-brother only and by insinuating he is really a son of Archippe and Phormio. 'Say no more, pray, of Pasicles; no! let him be called your son, Phormio, not your master; and my opponent (he is bent upon it)-not my brother.'

§§ 23-25. The speaker now passes from the arguments in support of the main issue (or the case upon its merits) to those on which the defendant raises a special plea in bar of action.

The plaintiff's case cannot

come before the court because he has given the defendant a discharge from the original lease of the Bank and Manufactory, and a second discharge from a subsequent claim which was settled by arbitration; and the laws allow no right of action where a release and discharge have been given or received.

23. μὴ εἰσαγώγιμον.] Cf. ὑπόθε σις 1. 23, n. — διαλογισμού, α reckoning up, or producing of accounts as between the two parties, Phormio and Apoll. Cf. § 60.

ἀφέσεως μισθώσεως.] The order is (γεγενημένης) ἀφέσεως τῆς μισθ. τῆς τραπέζης κ.τ.λ. Cf. § 24, ἠφίει τῆς μισθώσεως and supr. § 10.

διαίτης κ.τ.λ.] § 16.

24. ἐκ τῶν νόμων.] Contrasted with παρὰ τοὺς νόμους. As he brought his action contrary to the

25

σετε, τόν τε νόμον ὑμῖν τοῦτον ἀναγνώσεται καὶ τὰς μαρτυρίας ἐφεξῆς τῶν παρόντων, ὅτ' ἠφίει τῆς μισθώ- 952 σεως καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἐγκλημάτων ̓Απολλό δωρος Φορμίωνα. λαβέ μοι τὰς μαρτυρίας ταυτασὶ καὶ τὸν νόμον.

ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑΙ. ΝΟΜΟΣ.

̓Ακούετε τοῦ νόμου λέγοντος, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, τά τε ἄλλα ὧν μὴ εἶναι δίκας καὶ ὅσα τις ἀφῆκεν ἢ ἀπήλλαξεν. εἰκότως· εἰ γάρ ἐστι δίκαιον, ὧν ἂν ἅπαξ γένηται δίκη, μηκέτ' ἐξεῖναι δικάζεσθαι, πολὺ τῶν ἀφεθέντων δικαιότερον μὴ εἶναι δίκας. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐν ὑμῖν ἡττηθεὶς τάχ ̓ ἂν εἴποι τοῦτο ὡς ἐξηπατήθητε ὑμεῖς· ὁ δὲ αὑτοῦ φανερῶς καταγνοὺς καὶ ἀφεὶς καὶ ἀπαλλάξας, τίν ̓ ἂν ἑαυτὸν αἰτίαν αἰτιασάμενος τῶν om. Z cum ΣΑ1. add. Bekk.

8

ἀφίει Ζ.

t

law, we have put in an objection to it which is fully allowed by the law.

25. ἀκούετε κ.τ.λ.] Or. 38, παραγραφὴ πρὸς Ναυσίμαχον, 8 5, ἀκούετε τοῦ νόμου σαφῶς λέγοντος ἕκαστα ὧν μὴ εἶναι δίκας, ὧν ἕν ἐστιν, ὁμοίως τοῖς ἄλλοις κύριον, περὶ ὧν ἂν τις ἀφῇ καὶ ἀπαλλάξῃ, μὴ δικάζεσθαι.

ὧν μὴ εἶναι δίκας.] Infin. in relative clause influenced by λέγοντος. ‘Among other cases in which an action cannot be maintained, those especially in which a discharge and release have been given or received.'

εἰ γὰρ κ.τ.λ.] The sense is, If it is just that, when once a case has been tried, it should not be tried again, even although the defeated litigant might fairly plead that the court had been imposed upon, a fortiori there is no ground for re-opening the question when a man has judged his

26

αὐτῶν πάλιν εἰκότως δικάζοιτο ; οὐδεμίαν δήπου. διόπερ τοῦτο πρῶτον ἔγραψεν ὁ τὸν νόμον θεὶς ὧν μὴ εἶναι δίκας, ὅσα τις ἀφῆκεν ἢ ἀπήλλαξεν. ἃ τῷδε γέγονεν ἀμφότερα· καὶ γὰρ ἀφῆκε καὶ ἀπήλλαξεν. ὡς δ' ἀληθῆ λέγω, μεμαρτύρηται ὑμῖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι.

Λαβὲ δή μοι καὶ τὸν τῆς προθεσμίας νόμον.

ΝΟΜΟΣ.

Ὁ μὲν τοίνυν νόμος, ὦ ἄνδρες ̓Αθηναῖοι, σαφῶς οὑτωσὶ τὸν χρόνον ὥρισεν· ̓Απολλόδωρος δ ̓ οὑτοσὶ παρεληλυθότων ἐτῶν πλέον ἢ εἴκοσι τὴν ἑαυτοῦ συκοφαντίαν ἀξιοῖ περὶ πλείονος ὑμᾶς ποιήσασθαι τῶν