directed to a

Acceleration of motion of the second at any instant; and, there being no fixed centre. velocity perpendicular to this plane at starting, there is therefore none throughout the motion; thus the point moves in the plane. And had there been no acceleration, the point would have described a straight line with uniform velocity, so that in this case the areas described by the radius-vector would have been proportional to the times. Also, the area actually described in any instant depends on the length of the radius-vector and the velocity perpendicular to it, and is shown below to be unaffected by an acceleration parallel to the radius-vector. Hence the second part of the proposition.

the fixed point being the origin, and P being some function of x, y, z; in nature a function of r only.

if A be the area intercepted by the curve, a fixed radius-vector, and the radius-vector of the moving point. Hence the area increases uniformly with the time.

b. In the same case the velocity at any point is inversely as the perpendicular from the fixed point upon the tangent to the path, the momentary direction of motion.

For evidently the product of this perpendicular and the velocity gives double the area described in one second about the fixed point.

Or thus-if p be the perpendicular on the tangent,

Acceleration directed to a fixed centre.

If we refer the motion to co-ordinates in its own plane, we

If, by the help of this last equation, we eliminate t from

d2x

Po

dt2 Դ

substituting polar for rectangular co-ordinates, we

arrive at the polar differential equation of the path.

For variety, we may derive it from the formulæ of § 32.

the equation required. The integral of this equation involves two arbitrary constants besides h, and the remaining constant belonging to the two differential equations of the second order above is to be introduced on the farther integration of

when the value of u in terms of is substituted from the equa

tion of the path.

Other examples of these principles will be met with in the

chapters on Kinetics.

Hodograph. 37. If from any fixed point, lines be drawn at every instant, representing in magnitude and direction the velocity of a point describing any path in any manner, the extremities of these lines form a curve which is called the Hodograph. The invention of this construction is due to Sir W. R. Hamilton. One of the most beautiful of the many remarkable theorems to which it led him is that of § 38.

Since the radius-vector of the hodograph represents the velocity at each instant, it is evident (§ 27) that an elementary arc represents the velocity which must be compounded with the velocity at the beginning of the corresponding interval of time, to find the velocity at its end. Hence the velocity in the hodograph is equal to the acceleration in the path; and the tangent to the hodograph is parallel to the direction of the acceleration in the path.

If x, y, z be the co-ordinates of the moving point, §, ŋ, ‹ those of the corresponding point of the hodograph, then evidently

or the tangent to the hodograph is parallel to the acceleration in the orbit. Also, if o be the arc of the hodograph,

Hodograph

of planet or

or the velocity in the hodograph is equal to the rate of acceleration in the path.

38. The hodograph for the motion of a planet or comet is comet, de- always a circle, whatever be the form and dimensions of the orbit. In the motion of a planet or comet, the acceleration is directed towards the sun's centre. Hence (§ 36, b) the velocity is in

duced from

Kepler's

laws.

of planet or

duced from

laws.

versely as the perpendicular from that point upon the tangent Hodograph
to the orbit. The orbit we assume to be a conic section, whose comet, de-
focus is the sun's centre. But we know that the intersection Kepler's
of the perpendicular with the tangent lies in the circle whose
diameter is the major axis, if the orbit be an ellipse or hyper-
bola; in the tangent at the vertex if a parabola. Measure off
on the perpendicular a third proportional to its own length and
any constant line; this portion will thus represent the velocity
in magnitude and in a direction perpendicular to its own-
so that the locus of the new points in each perpendicular will be
the hodograph turned through a right angle. But we see by
geometry* that the locus of these points is always a circle.
Hence the proposition. The hodograph surrounds its origin if
the orbit be an ellipse, passes through it if a parabola, and the
origin is without the hodograph if the orbit is a hyperbola.

For a projectile unresisted by the air, it will be shewn in
Kinetics that we have the equations (assumed in § 35, c)

or έ= C, n=C'-gt, and the hodograph is a vertical straight
line along which the describing point moves uniformly.

duced from

For the case of a planet or comet, instead of assuming as Hodograph above that the orbit is a conic with the sun in one focus, assume comet, defor planet or (Newton's deduction from that and the law of areas) that the Newton's acceleration is in the direction of the radius-vector, and varies law of force. inversely as the square of the distance. We have obviously

We may merely mention that the equation of the orbit will be

dx dy
dt

found at once by eliminating and among the three first

dt

integrals (1), (2), (3) above. We thus get

= h2

27

Applica

tions of the

a conic section of which the origin is a focus.

39. The intensity of heat and light emanating from a point, hodograph. or from an uniformly radiating spherical surface, diminishes with increasing distance according to the same law as gravitation. Hence the amount of heat and light, which a planet receives from the sun during any interval, is proportional to the time integral of the acceleration during that interval, i.e. (§ 37) to the corresponding arc of the hodograph. From this it is easy to see, for example, that if a comet move in a parabola, the amount of heat it receives from the sun in any interval is proportional to the angle through which its direction of motion turns during that interval. There is a corresponding theorem for a planet moving in an ellipse, but somewhat more complicated.

Curves of pursuit.

40. If two points move, each with a definite uniform velocity, one in a given curve, the other at every instant directing its course towards the first describes a path which is called a