chetna Nom. Pl. M. naim thuascirt in domain: a thárraluig slighith: Nom. Sg. F. fled chaurad: rigon...chaemcasto: tegdas chumtachta: Dat. F. di chlaind chéit ríg: alleind chorcra: co m-binne cheóil. Also in Voc. Sg. a ingen fial: Nom. Du. dá grúad chorcra Lg. 18, 13. (3) In general all stems in the Dat. Sg. co mid chollan chain: iar cuairt chaille: do gin chlaidib: ón chomdid chumachtach: ó Choin cherda Conchobair : na leth chlí do denam thole Dé: sin t-síd threll: im lín chein. Also in the case originally distinguished from the dative (instrumental?) which is used to note time: ind adaig thússech, in the first night. (4) The Nom. Sg. cú; Cúchulaind, literally, the hound of Culann. (5) The vocative particle a. (6) The possessive pronouns mo my, do thy, and the masculine, a his, of the third person. (7) The Nom. Acc. Du. M. dá and F. di two: the Nom. Acc. N. trí three (trí chét), cethir four. (8) The prepositions di, do, fo, ó, tré, air (ar), cen, fíad, imm, ol, ós: also eter (though as to Old Irish the reverse is noted, Z.2 656). (9) The negations ni (mani), na, nach, nad. In Old Irish, according to Zeuss2 179, aspiration is often absent after ni. Probably in this case the two words are not to be pronounced quickly one after the other but separately with emphasis, e.g. if, as in ni clóin non injustus, the copula is absent between the negation and the predicate. (10) The verbal particles no, ro, do. (11) The enclitic infixed pronouns -m me, -t te; of the pronouns of the 3rd person according to Z. 181: "d, n (eum, id), a (id, eos),” which is supported in the Irish texts by nod chluined Lg. 8 (referring to andord M. or N.), conda thanic adiit eos Hy. 2. 39. (12) The 3rd Sg. rel. as, bas, the 3rd Sg. Second Present bad, the 3rd Sg. Perf. bu, bo, ba; according to Z.2 181 also other forms of the verb substantive: as chóir, and so on; bas ferr Sc. M. 2; ro bad chomairche, SC. 10; diammad chara SC. 10. 7; co m-bo chomsolus FB. 2 and so on. After bad and bu aspiration is still usual in Modern Irish (O'Donovan, Gr. p. 386). (13) Isolated forms of other verbs: fuachimm chein SP. 11. 10: hi tucu cheist SP. II. 12; nad déni thoil SP. IV. 2; tairces churathmir FB. 73. (14) Certain pro

nouns : os me chene SP. II. 12; coich thussa SC. 12; cia thoetsat Sc. M. 3. 16; is sí thorrach Lg. 1; further cíaso thú TE. 13, LU.; masa thú SC. 33. 30. (15) The conjunctions ce cia though, ó since; mar as; feib how: ciá thíastaís FB. 61; o thanic 81; mar charas SC. 44. 10; feib thallad FB. 82. According to Zeuss2 182 also má if, air then. Moreover the conjunctions ocus, is and, nó or : lígrad óir...ocus charrmocail FB. 2; do brothrachaib...ocus cholcthib 4; ocus chineul TE. 2 Eg.; eter aite is chomalta SC. 29. 3; itir suide no sessam Hy. 1. 3; cuslennaig nó chornairi Lg. 17, 22.

93. Aspiration has come to be used as a grammatical instrument in cases where it has no etymological ground. To this some of the above-indicated cases may belong which may be indicated as follows: (1) Aspiration appears as a mark of the feminine, after the Nom. Sg. of i stems also, although this originally terminated in is: súil cháirech; turbaid chotulta; gáir chommaidmi; gáir chuitbiuda. In the same way of other stems : nau tholl; ail chloche. (2) As sign of the masculine also after a genitive which originally terminated in as; glond catha chomramaig; in chon chetna; bethath che; perhaps also ind ríg thuas SP. IV. 2. (3) In the initial sound of verbal forms before which the relative pronoun is absent: in cúach thucais FB. 74 ; ni fri biasta chathaigmit-ni 57, 73; bá tú theis 17; is mé thuc 73; co fult budi thic immach SC. 33. 26; is messi thall TE. 13, Eg. Aspiration here expresses a dependence or close conjunction; and it has the same significance when the object appears aspirated after verbal forms of various kind (cf. also co n-den-sai chorai Ir. T. p. 130, 29), or the predicate after any form of the verb substantive. In Modern Irish the Acc. thú thee is distinguished by its permanent aspiration from the Nom. tú.

94. Later aspiration is sometimes made use of after word forms which were distinguished within the historic period by a vowel termination, although they have lost a consonant at the end: rí chóigith TE. 1 Eg.: re se thráth Sc. M. 21. 36.

95. In some words a certain fleetness in the articulation

appears to have led to a permanent aspiration of the initial sound: chucai, chucu (ad eum, ad eos), chena, thra, as for ind rig thúas of the king above, SP. iv. 2 (cf. § 61).

96. Aspiration is regularly employed in the second member of a compound. Most of the stems which stand in the first part of a compound terminated originally in a vowel, and these have given the rule for every compound: dobar chú otter (literally water-hound), roth-chless play of wheel; briathar-chath word-battle; óen-fecht once; ard-chend high-headed; óenchossid one-legged: thence also rig-thech king's house (stem ríg- with "composition" vowel); often after so-, Skr. su-, e.g. so-chumact potens, but also after do-, although this originally (Skr. dusGrk. Svo-) terminated in a consonant, e.g. do-chumact impotens; after mi-, miss-, e.g. mi-thoimtiu bad intention, cf. Goth. missadeds misdeed.

ECLIPSIS. o

97. A nasal appears before the initial sound of the following word, if the preceding word originally had a nasal as its terminal sound. This nasal is drawn to the following word, and its form is directed by the nature of the subsequent initial sound. It appears as n before d, g and vowels; as m before b; before c, t, f, s it disappears (§ 42); it becomes assimilated to a subsequent n, m, r, l, though, even in Old Irish, these sounds are not always written double (gen, pl. narrúun, commonly na rún of the secrets). Perhaps the disappearance of the nasals before c, t, f, s is, at least in part, founded on assimilation.

98. Modern Irish grammarians call this change of initial Sound ECLIPSIS. The preceding sound eclipses the original initial sound in the pronunciation: na mbárd of the bards is pronounced na márd, &c.; c, t, and ƒ are also affected by this eclipsis in later Irish writing, receiving before themselves g, d, and bh: na gceart of the rights is pronounced na geart. This change has nothing to do directly with the original nasal, but it

is the same which in ordinary internal sound has affected the unaspirated c and ƒ in Old Irish (éc death, Modern Irish éug, and in the same way Old Irish na cert, Modern Irish na gceart).

99. The following forms have a nasal after them:

(1) The article in the nom. sg. neuter, acc. sg. and gen. pl. of all three genders.

(2) All a-stems in the same cases, nom. sg. neuter: dliged n-doraid, lestar n-arggit, acc. sg. masc, ar fer n-aile, fem. gen. pl. co mathib fer n-Ulad.

(3) Generally all masculines and feminines in the acc. sg. and all three genders in the gen. pl. ríg n-amra.

(4) The nom. dual neuter and the dative dual of all three genders of dá (dá n-, dib n- two).

(5) The plural possessive pronouns ar our, far your, a their (French leur).

(6) The prepositions co with; i in, iar after, ré before. (7) The numerals secht, ocht, nói, deich (ocht probably after analogy of the three others).

(8) The infixed pronouns a, da eam, s eam, eos. After suppression of the a there remains of the first two only -n- and -dn-; rom-bertaigestar, rod m-bertaigedar, Sc. M. 15.

(9) The relative pronoun a.

100. Here also transfers have taken place: after analogy of neuters in a, neuters in i and as have also received such an n: muir n-Icht, mind n-óir, inmain n-ainm...Aeda, dear the name of Aed; hi tech n-óil.

In neuters in man the nasal may belong to the stem: léim n-úathmar ainm n-Aeda.

101. On the other hand, as the neuter as a separate gender gradually dies away, so also sometimes the n before neuter astems is wanting.

102. In all remaining cases, where in the grammatical formulæ mentioned in § 89 neither aspiration nor the nasal is

observable, the first word-form originally had as terminal sound any consonant except m or n.

103. Cases occur in which the last syllable of words of more than one syllable has remained as such, even when not in their original condition. The last syllable is preserved :

(1) when it ends in r: bráthir, Latin frater; eter, Latin inter;

(2) when it terminates in a double consonant: do-berat they give, for berant, Greek epepov; firu, Latin viros, Goth. vairans; lóche lightning, a nominative form like the Latin lucens;

(3) when it contained a long vowel with final s, t, or d: tuatha the peoples, nom. pl., as Goth. thiudos, Skr. kanyās the maidens: do-bera he may give, 3 sg. conj. pres. as Latin ferat, Skr. bharāt.

104a. Of final consonants except the nasal (in the cases mentioned § 97) only r and the t of the group nt are preserved. gs, ks, ts, nts, ns were assimilated to ss, s, and have disappeared: rí king, Latin rex; mí month, Latin mensis; lóche, lightning (gen. lóchet); cf. Latin lucens.

104b. Rarely an original s in terminal sound is assimilated to a following m, n, r or l: e.g. the s of the form inna, na of the article; gen. sg. fem. nammucci of the pig; gen. sg. fem. nallongsi of the banishment; cf. allatin e Latino, prep. ass a, Latin ex.

105. In the third sg. of the s-future of the conjoined flexion a similar ss, s has disappeared, although it did not originally stand in the final sound: téi stands for a pre-historic tess-it, cf. Grk. σTeiέel.

106. In the gen. sg. of masculine and neuter stems in a and in the dat. sg. of neuters in as more than one syllable has been lost: eich equi appears to answer to the Skr. açvasya: tig,