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ὧν ἐρωτήσειν ἔφησθα, πόθεν τὰ ὄντα κέκτηται Φορμίων, μόνῳ τῶν ὄντων ἀνθρώπων σοὶ τοῦτον οὐκ ἔνεστ ̓ εἰπεῖν τὸν λόγον. οὐδὲ γὰρ Πασίων ὁ σὸς πατὴρ ἐκτήσαθ ̓ εὑρὼν οὐδὲ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῷ παραδόντος, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τοῖς αὑτοῦ κυρίοις ̓Αντισθένει καὶ Αρχεστράτῳ τραπεζιτεύουσι πεῖραν δοὺς ὅτι χρηστός 44 ἐστι καὶ δίκαιος, ἐπιστεύθη, ἔστι δ' ἐν ἐμπορίῳ καὶ

1 Σ. ἔνεστιν Ζ.

character, and by that good credit and fair fame which in the commercial world is the best kind of capital.

Again, if you claim the defendant's property on the ground that he was once your father's slave, then Antimachus, a surviving son of your father's former master, might go still further, and claim your own estate and the defendant's too; yet, though now in a humble position far below his merits and his proper rank, he does not go to law with them, because they have money to spend while he is in destitution.

Instead of making the most of the good fortune by which your father and the defendant alike received the rights of freedom and citizenship, you are heartless enough to cast contumely on yourself and your parents, and on Athens too, for granting her privileges to people like yourself; you are senseless enough to forget that, by insisting that the defendant's former servitude should not be brought up against him, we are really speaking on your side and defending your own position. The rule, that you lay down to the detriment of the defendant, can as easily be advanced against yourself by the house to which your father was once a slave.'

P. S. D. II.

η αὑτῷ Ζ.

43. πόθεν—κέκτηται Φ.] In Or. 45 § 80, Apollodorus unfairly says of Phormio, εἰ ἦν δίκαιος,πένης ἂν ἦν τὰ τοῦ δεσπότου διοικήσας. ...Had I dragged you off to prison as a thief caught in the act, with your present property clapped upon your back, ...and had I, supposing you denied the theft, demanded the name of the person from whom you received it, to whose name would you have appealed ? οὔτε γάρ σοι πατὴρ παρέδωκεν, οὔθ ̓ εὗρες.

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ἐκτήσαθ' εὑρὼν.] Got it by good luck' as a 'godsend,' a windfall, & εύρημα or 'Ερμαῖον. Passages like the present and the parallel from Or. 45 § 81 (given above) should be quoted in Liddell and Scott (s. v. εύρίσκω, 4).

Αρχεστράτῳ.] Isocr. Trapez. § 43, Πασίων δὲ ̓Αρχέστρατόν μοι ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης ἑπτὰ ταλάντων ἐγγυητὴν παρέσχεν. (A. Schaefer Dem. u. s. Zeit III. 2. 131.)

δίκαιος.] '' Honest.

ἐπιστεύθη.] • Won his master's confidence,' 'was trusted.' So in Or. 50 § 56, Apollodorus describes the wide extent of his father's connexion and good credit (ἐπεξενῶσθαι πολλοῖς καὶ πιστευθῆναι ἐν τῇ 'Ελλάδι).

44. ἐν ἐμπορίῳ καὶ χρήμασιν ἐργαζομένοις.] Kennedy: 'In 3

χρήμασιν ἐργαζομένοις ἀνθρώποις φιλεργὸν δόξαι καὶ χρηστὸν εἶναι τὸν αὐτὸν θαυμαστὸν ἡλίκον. οὔτ ̓ οὖν ἐκείνῳ τοῦθ ̓ οἱ κύριοι παρέδωκαν, ἀλλ ̓ αὐτὸς ἔφυ χρηστὸς, οὔτε τῷδε ὁ σὸς πατήρ· σὲ γὰρ ἂν πρότερον 958 τοῦδε χρηστὸν ἐποίησεν, εἰ ἦν ἐπ ̓ ἐκείνῳ. εἰ δὲ τοῦτο ἀγνοεῖς, ὅτι πίστις ἀφορμὴ πασῶν ἐστι μεγίστη πρὸς χρηματισμὸν, πᾶν ἂν ἀγνοήσειας. χωρὶς δὲ τούτων

the commercial world and the money-market it is thought a wonderful thing, when the same person shows himself to be both honest and diligent.' The order is: θαυμαστὸν ἡλίκον ἐστὶν ἀνθρώποις ἐργαζομένοις ἐν ἐμπορίῳ καὶ (ἐργαζομένοις) χρήμασι, τὸν αὐτὸν δόξαι φιλεργὸν καὶ εἶναι χρηστόν, i. e. a reputation for businesslike habits and a really honest character, when combined in the same person, have a striking influence in the moneymarket and the commercial world.

ἐν should be taken with ἐμε πορίῳ only, the construction being (as G. H. Schaefer notices) ἐργάζεσθαι ἐν ἐμπορίῳ with the preposition, and èpyáζεσθαι χρήμασιν without. Cf. Οr. 57 § 31, ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἐργάζεσθαι with Or. 33 § 4, where τῆς ἐργασίας τῆς κατὰ θάλατταν is followed by τούτοις (sc. τοῖς χρήμασι) πειρῶμαι ναυτικοῖς ἐργάζεσθαι. [ἐν ἐμπορίῳ may also be taken by itself, in trade it is thought a great matter,' &c. P.]

δόξαι is slightly contrasted with είναι, the outward reputation for business habits with the inward and inherent honesty (cf. ἔφυ χρηστὸς below). G. Η. Schaefer says, 'dativus regitur a verbo δόξαι. Deinde τὸ ἑξῆς est: τὸν αὐτὸν δόξαι εἶναι φιλεργὸν καὶ

χρηστόν: but the position of δόξαι and είναι makes against this construction. Cf. Aesch. Theb. 592, οὐ γὰρ δοκεῖν δίκαιος ἀλλ ̓ εἶναι θέλει.

It is the combination of δόξαι φιλεργὸν and εἶναι χρηστὸν that is insisted on, because a forger, for instance, might have all the air of a painstaking man of business without being really χρηστός; and vice versa, a man of unblemished morale might never get a name for financial skill, or even ordinary busi

ness-like habits.

οὔτε οὔτε.] ‘As then his masters did not bequeath to Pasion this virtue, but his honesty was natural, so neither did Pasion bequeath it to Phormio; for he would have made you honest rather than him, had it been in his power.' The philosophic questions, el διδακτὸς ἀρετὴ, and τὸ φύσει ἅπαν κράτιστον, are perhaps held in view, though it is seldom that Demosthenes enters on the region of philosophy. P.]

πίστις ἀφορμὴ.] If you don't know that for money-making the best capital of all is good credit; then, what do you know?" ἀφορμὴ.] Cf. § 12 n.

χωρὶς...πατρὶ.] An accidental iambic line. See Isocr. Paneg. § 170 n.On ύμετέροις, cf. § 30 fin.

πολλὰ καὶ τῷ σῷ πατρὶ καὶ σοὶ καὶ ὅλως τοῖς ὑμετέ ροις πράγμασι Φορμίων γέγονε χρήσιμος. ἀλλ ̓, οἶμαι, τῆς σῆς ἀπληστίας καὶ τοῦ σοῦ τρόπου τίς ἂν δύναιτο 45 ἐφικέσθαι ; καὶ δῆτα θαυμάζω πῶς οὐ λογίζει πρὸς σεαυτὸν ὅτι ἔστιν ̓Αρχεστράτῳ τῷ ποτὲ τὸν σὸν πατέρα κτησαμένῳ υἱὸς ἐνθάδε, ̓Αντίμαχος, πράττων οὐ κατ ̓ ἀξίαν, ὃς οὐ δικάζεταί σοι οὐδὲ δεινά φησι πάσχειν, εἰ σὺ μὲν χλανίδα φορεῖς, καὶ τὴν μὲν λέλυσαι, τὴν δ ̓ ἐκδέδωκας ἑταίραν, καὶ ταῦτα γυναῖκ ̓ ἔχων ποιεῖς, καὶ τρεῖς παῖδας ἀκολούθους περιάγεις, καὶ ζῇς

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λογίζη Ζ.

• Bekk. ἑαυτὸν Ζ cum Σ (cf. Isocr. ad Dem. § 14 n.).

ὅλως.] Generally.

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ἀλλ', οἶμαι...τίς ἂν δύναιτο;] Questions of this kind are often best rendered by a negative sentence. 'But no one, I feel, can come up to your covetousness and your general character.' 'Your covetousness, &c. no language, I take it, can adequately describe.' [For the genitive see on Aesch. Cho. 1022. P.]

45. χλανίδα.]‘Amantle, alight upper garment of wool. Aeschin. Timarch. § 131, τὰ κομψὰ ταῦτα χλανίσκια......καὶ τοὺς μαλακοὺς χιτωνίσκους. Dem. Or. 21 § 133 (of Meidias) χλανίδας καὶ κυμβία καὶ κάδους ἔχων. Pollux: χλανὶς δὲ ἱμάτιον λεπτόν.

λέλυσαι.] 'Redeemed' from her owner. Herod. II. 135 (of Rhodopis) ἀπικομένη κατ' ἐργα σίαν ἐλύθη χρημάτων μεγάλων ὑπ' ἀνδρὸς Μυτιληναίου. Ar.Vesp. 1353, ἐγώ σε .. λυσάμενος έξω παλλακήν. Dem. Or. 48 $ 53 ἑταίραν λυσάμενος ἔνδον ἔχει. [It may be remarked that Demosthenes is particularly fond of using perfect passives in the medial sense. P.]

ἐκδέδωκας.] Given away in

marriage. Or. 59, κατὰ Νεαίρας, § 73 (ἡ ἄνθρωπος) ἐξεδόθη τῷ Διονύσῳ γυνὴ, and Or. 27 § 69 θυγατέρας παρὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν ἐκδόντας.

καὶ ταῦτα γυναῖκ ̓ ἔχων.....] • And that too, when you have a wife.' In his speech πρὸς Πολυκλέα, Apollodorus, contrary to what might be expected from the present passage, speaks in affectionate terms of his wife. Or. 50 § 61, ἡ γυνὴ ἣν ἐγὼ περὶ πλείστου ποιοῦμαι ἀσθενῶς διέκειτο πολὺν χρόνον.

παῖδας ἀκολούθους.] Or. 21 (Meidias) $ 158 τρεῖς ἀκολούθους ἢ τέτταρας αὐτὸς ἄγων διὰ τῆς ἀγορᾶς σοβεῖ. Xen. Mem. I. 7. 2, σκεύη τε καλὰ κέκτηνται καὶ ἀκολούθους πολλοὺς περιάγονται. (Becker, Charicles III. 21, ed. 2 =p. 362 of Eng. ed.)

περιάγεις.] Cobet, after quoting the above passage of Xenophon (to alter σκεύη καλὰ into σκευὴν καλὴν), takes the hint suggested by the last word περιάγονται, to propose the middle for the active in the present passage. Reponendum est necessario περιάγει. Discrimen inter περιάγω et περιάγομαι tam

ἀσελγῶς ὥστε καὶ τοὺς ἀπαντώντας αἰσθάνεσθαι, 46 αὐτὸς δ ̓ ἐκεῖνος πολλῶν ἐνδεής ἐστιν, οὐδὲ τὸν Φορμίων ̓ ἐκεῖνος οὐχ ὁρᾷ. καίτοι εἰ κατὰ τοῦτ ̓ οἴει σοι προσήκειν τῶν τούτου, ὅτι τοῦ πατρός ποτ ̓ ἐγένετο τοῦ σοῦ, ἐκείνῳ προσήκει μᾶλλον ἢ σοί· ὁ γὰρ αὖ σὸς πατὴρ ἐκείνων ἐγένετο. ὥστε καὶ σὺ καὶ οὗτος ἐκείνου γίγνεσθε ἐκ τούτου τοῦ λόγου. σὺ δ ̓ εἰς τοῦθ ̓ ἥκεις ἀγνωμοσύνης ὥσθ ̓ ἃ προσήκει σοι τοὺς λέγοντας ἐχθροὺς νομίζειν, ταῦτ ̓ αὐτὸς ποιεῖς ἀνάγκην είναι 47 λέγειν, καὶ ὑβρίζεις μὲν σαυτὸν καὶ τοὺς γονέας τεθνεῶντας, προπηλακίζεις δὲ τὴν πόλιν, καὶ ἃ διὰ «ἱ τῆς τούτων φιλανθρωπίας ἀπολαύσας εὕρετο ὁ σὸς πατὴρ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα Φορμίων οὑτοσὶ, ταῦτα ἀντὶ τοῦ κοι σμεῖν καὶ περιστέλλειν, ἵνα καὶ τοῖς δοῦσιν ὡς εὐσχη- 959 μονέστατα ἐφαίνετο καὶ τοῖς λαβοῦσιν ὑμῖν, ἄγεις εἰς μέσον, δεικνύεις, ἐλέγχεις, μόνον οὐκ ὀνειδίζεις οἷον

4 Σ. + οὕτως Ζ.

44 Z et Dindf. cum Σ. διὰ om. Bekk.

;

perspicuum est quam perpetuum. Si quem circumductamus spectaturum aliquid, aut omnino si cui damus operam ut circumiens inspiciat aliquid aut agat, eum περιάγειν dicimur sin autem quis quaqua incedit secum trahit aliquem, cuius opera officioque utatur, eum περιάγεσθαι dicitur, ut herus pedissequos, aut tyrannus satellites.' (Novae lectiones, p. 652.)

46. οὐδὲ τὸν Φορμίωνα.] ‘Nor is Phormio's position unknown to him.' Kennedy. For the double negation, see on § 22. Though Phormio was once the slave of one who was himself a slave of the father of Antimachus, the latter, who is well aware how Phormio has risen, does not grudge him his success and does not hold himself aggrieved by him.—ἐκείνῳ, to

Antimachus.

ἀγνωμοσύνης.] Heartlessness,
I want of proper feeling ;'
'churlishness.' [The polite
Greeks had many terms of this
kind, αγροικία, σκαιότης, ἀμαθία,
ἀπαιδευσία, ἀπειροκαλία. Ρ.]

47. κοσμεῖν καὶ περιστέλλειν.]
'Adorning and cherishing' the
right of citizenship. [A meta-
phor from putting on and grace-
fully adjusting clothes. Whence
he adds εύσχημονέστατα. Ρ.]

ἵνα—ἐφαίνετο.] Cf. ὅπως ἠλέγο χθη, § 20. Goodwin's Moods and Tenses, § 44. 3. Kühner, § 553. 7.

ἄγεις εἰς μέσον κ.τ.λ.] You drag it into public view, point (the finger of scorn) at it, criticize it; and all but taunt Athens with naturalizing (admitting to the freedom of the city) such a character as yourself.'

48 ὄντα σε ἐποιήσαντο Αθηναῖοι. εἶτ ̓ εἰς τοῦθ ̓ ἥκεις μανίας (τί γὰρ ἂν ἄλλο τις εἴποι;) ὥστ ̓ οὐκ αἰσθάνει ὅτι καὶ νῦν ἡμεῖς μὲν ἀξιοῦντες, ἐπειδήπερ ἀπηλλάγη Φορμίων, μηδέν ὑπόλογον εἶναι εἴ ποτε τοῦ σοῦ πατρὸς ἐγένετο, ὑπὲρ σοῦ λέγομεν, σὺ δὲ μηδέποτ ̓ ἐξ ἴσου σοι γενέσθαι τοῦτον ἀξιῶν κατὰ σαυτοῦ λέγεις· ἃ γὰρ ἂν σὺ δίκαια σαυτῷ κατὰ τούτου τάξης, ταὐτὰ ταῦθ ̓ ἥξει κατὰ σοῦ παρὰ τῶν τὸν σὸν πατέρα ἐξ ἀρχῆς κτησαμένων. ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι κἀκεῖνος ἦν τινῶν, εἶτ ̓ ἀπηλλάγη τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ὅνπερ οὗτος ἀφ ̓ ὑμῶν, λαβέ μοι ταυτασὶ τὰς μαρτυρίας, ὡς ἐγέ νετο Πασίων Αρχεστράτου.

49

ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑΙ.

Εἶτα τὸν σώσαντα μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τὰ πράγματα καὶ πολλὰ χρήσιμον αὑτὸν παρασχόντα τῷ πατρὶ τῷ τού

· Σ. αἰσθάνῃ Ζ.

48. εἰς τοῦθ ̓ ἥκεις μανίας.] Cf. § 46, εἰς τοῦθ ̓ ἥκεις ἀγνωμοσύνης. Madvig Gk. Syntax, § 50 ad fin.

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μηδέν ̓ ὑπόλογον εἶναι.] Lit.

• Should not be taken into account against him,' 'should not detract from his credit.' A metaphor from book-keeping, appropriate in a speech on banking-stock.

[Cf. ὁ παράλογος, ὁ κατάλογος, ὁ μετάμελος, words formed from a primary use of the simple noun governed by the preposition. Translate: 'And now we, in requiring that, as Phormio has left Pasion's service, it should not be remembered against him that he was once Pasion's property, are in fact speaking in your behalf; while you, in demand. ing that Phormio shall not be put on the same footing as yourself, are speaking against yourself.' P.]

• Σ. τὰ αὐτὰ Ζ.

§§ 49-53. The defendant's management of the family property was the very saving of the business, and in this and many other respects he has been a great benefactor to the plaintiff's father and to the plaintiff himself; and yet the latter is now demanding a verdict, which, if granted, will turn the defendant out of house and home, a ruined bankrupt, like those whom we remember. The plaintiff's father, esteeming the defendant more highly than his own son, wisely and prudently left him manager of his leases when he died, besides showing his esteem for him during his lifetime. And that esteem was well deserved, for while the other bankers, to whose losses allusion has just been made, did business on their own account, and therefore had to pay norent to another, and were never

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