scurrari, play the buffoon; speculari, spy out (spěcùla, watch tower); spīcare (Plin.), furnish with ears of corn; spumare, foam; stillare, drop; stipulari, make a bargain (from stipula, a straw? or from diminutive of stips, a coin?); těrěbrare, bore; trīcari, play tricks; trůtinari, weigh; turbare, disturb; umbrare, overshadow; undare, swell, wave; and others.

(2) from substantives with -e stems:

glăciare, turn to ice; měrīdiare (also dep.), take a noon-day meal. (3) from nouns with -o stems; (a) from substantives:

ǎcervare, pile up (acervus); adultĕrare, pollute (adulter); æstivare, pass the summer (æstiva, pl. summer quarters); arbitrari, form a judgment (arbiter, judge); architectari, build (architectus); argümentari, adduce proof (argumentum); armare, arm (arma pl.); auxiliari, help (auxilium); bacchari, celebrate Bacchic rites, revel; bajulare carry a burden (bajulus, porter); bāsiare, kiss (bāsium); bellare, war (bellum); cachinnare, laugh (cachinnus); cælare, grave (cælum, a burin); calceare (calciare), shoe (calceus); cancellare (post-Aug.); lattice, cross through (cancelli, pl.); căpistrare, halter (căpistrum); carbunculare (Plin.), have a carbuncle (carbunculus); circinari, round (circinus, pair of compasses); circălari, form a group (circulus); conciliare, unite (concilium); consiliari, form plans (consilium); conviciari, rail (convicium); cōlare, filter (colum); cribrare, sift (cribrum); cumulare, pile up (cumulus); cuneare, wedge (cuneus); damnare, condemn (damnum, loss); diglǎdiari, fight it out (gladius); dominari, rule (dominus); dōnare, grant, make a grant to (dōnum); emendare, take out faults (mendum); fămůlari, be a servant (fămůlus); fermentare, cause to ferment (fermentum); flǎgellare, whip (flågellum); frēnare, bridle (frēnum); frumentari, get corn (frumentum); fücare, dye (fücus); fumare, smoke (fümus); fundare, establish (fundus, bottom); gubernare, steer (guberna pl.); jocari, joke (jöcus); jügare, yoke (jugum); jugulare, cut the throat (jugulum); lamentari, lament (lamenta, n. pl.); lăniare, butcher (lanius); lăqveare (not præ-Aug.), snare (lăqveus); lignari, collect wood (lignum); locare, place (locus); lucrari, make gains (lucrum); lustrare, purify, survey (lustrum); mācĕrare, steep (măcer); ministrare, attend (minister); mödülari, measure (modulus); monstrare, show (monstrum); něgōtiari, do business (negotium); nōdare, knot (nōdus); numerare, count (năměrus); nuntiare, announce (nuntius); osculari, kiss (osculum); otlari, have leisure (ōtium); pabulari, collect fodder (pabulum); palpare, stroke (palpum); pampinare, trim vines (pampinus, a vine tendril); pastinare, dibble (pastinum); populare (also -ari), devastate (populus?); præliari, battle (prælium); procare (rare), demand (procuɛ); rădiare, shoot forth rays (radius); regnare, reign (regnum); repudiare, reject (repudium); scrütari, search (examine into heaps

956

957

of old stuff? scruta pl.); servare, take care of (servus); sibilare, biss (sibilus); signare, stamp (signum); somniare, dream (somnium); sonare, sound (sõnus); spatiari, walk about (spatium); spoliare, despoil (spólium); stǎbulari, stable, roost (stabulum) stimulare prick (stimulus); stomachari, be irritated (stomachus); stuprari, debauch (stuprum); svāviare, hiss (svavium); sulcare, furrow (sulcus); susurrare, whisper (susurrus); terminare, set bounds to (terminus); triumphare, triumph (triumphus); tumulare cover with a mound (tŭmůlus); vallare, surround with a rampart` (vallum); vēlare, veil (vēlum); ventilare, make a small breeze (ventulus); vilicare, to be a farm steward (vilicus); vitiare, spoil (vitium); volgare, publish (volgus); and others.

(b) From adjectives with -o stems:

æmulari, rival; æqvare, level; ǎliēnare, alienate; alternare, do 958 by turns; antiquare, reject a bill; aprīcari, bask in the sun; asperare, roughen (asper); averruncare, avert; cæcare, blind; căvare, make bollow; clarare, make illustrious; commodare, make serviceable ; continuare, join; coruscare, quiver; crispāre, curl; cunctări, delay; curvare, bend; curtare, dock; densare, thicken; dēprāvare, distort (prāvo-); dēsōlare, render desolate (sōlo-); dignari, think worthy; dilatare, spread (lāto-); durare, harden; explānāre, make plain; fecundare (Verg.), make fruitful; festinare, hasten; firmare, strengthen; fœdare, dirty; funestare, fill with death; fuscare, darken; gěminare, double; grātāri, show pleasure; hibernare, winter; hilărare, cheer; honestare, compliment; ignorare, ignore (ignarus); incestare, defile; infestare, attack; infirmare, weaken; inqvietare, disquiet; intěgrare, renew (integer); Itĕrare, repeat (comp. iterum, adv.); lăcărare, tear (lăcer); lætāri, rejoice; lætificare, make glad; lassare, weary; laxare, loosen; liberare, free (liber); maturare, ripen; mědicari, (also -are) heal; mendicari, beg; mirari, wonder at; misèrari, deplore (miser, wretched); mütilare, lop; mütuari, borrow; novare, renew; nūdare, make bare; obliquare, turn aside; obscurare, darken; Ŏpīnari, to think (comp. nec opīnus); orbare, bereave; pacificare, pacify; pandare, bend, curve; pěrěgrīnari, travel; perpetuare (rare), perpetuate; piare, appease; pigrare (Lucr.), pigrari (Cic.), to be lazy (piger); privare, deprive (prīvus, single); probare, test, show to be good; profanare, profane; prosperare, make prosperous; propinquare, approach; publicare, make public; quadruplari, be an informer (lit. get fourfold penalty); reciprocare, move to and fro; rusticari, live in the country; rutilare, make or be red; săcrare, consecrate (săcer); sānare, heal; săturare, glut (sătur); sauciare, wound; secundare, favour; sĕrēnare, clear up; assěvērare, assert strongly ; persĕvērare, persist; siccare, dry; sŏciare, ally; sõlidare, make solid; sollicitare, harass; spissare, make thick; superare, overcome; sũpinare, bend upwards; tardare, delay; tranqvillare, calm; trèpi

dare, burry; truncare, lop; văcuare, empty; văgari, stroll about; văriare, diversify; vastare, lay waste; věrecundari, feel bashful; ümectare, moisten; and others.

(4) From substantives with -u stems:

æstuare, be hot, surge; arcuare, bend like a bow; fluctuare (also depon.), undulate, waver; sinuare, curve; tămultuare (also depon.), make a bustle.

(5) From nouns with -1 stems:

antestari (for ante-testari), call witnesses preliminarily (testi-); calcare, trample (calx, heel); cělěbrare, frequent (cělěber); cělěrare, hasten (celer); compărare, match (par: besides the compound of parare); concordare, agree (concors); ditare, enrich (dīs); dōtare, dower (dōs); dŭplicare, double (duplex); exstirpare, root out (stirps); fraudare, cheat (fraus); freqventare, resort to (freqvens); grăvare, burden (grăvis); hěbětare, blunt (hěbes); interpolare, furbish up (interpolis); levare, lighten (lěvis); měmòrare, relate (měmor); mercari, traffic (merx); păcare, appease (pax); părentare, sacrifice in honour of a parent? (părens); piscari, fish (piscis); præcipitare, burl down (præceps); propagare, propagate (propages); quiritare, cry in fear (declare oneself a citizen? Quírīs); repræsentare, exhibit, pay at once (præsens); sedare, settle (sēdes); simulare, pretend (similis); suffocare, choke, hold under throat (fauces pl.); supplicare, supplicate (supplex); těnuare, make thin (tenuis); testari, call witnesses (testis); tristari (Sen.), be sad; contristare, sadden (tristis); turpare, be foul (turpis); viridare, make or be green (viridis); and some others.

(6) From nouns with consonant stems:

aggĕrare, pile up (agger); ărietare, butt (aries); auctiōnari, hold an auction (auctio); auctorare, guaranty, hire out (auctor); aucupari, chase after (auceps); augurari, augur (augur); auspicari, take omens (auspex); căcumínare, point (căcumen); cognominare, surname (cognomen); colōrare, colour (color); contiōnari, harangue (contio); criminari, bring a charge (crimen); cruc-i-are, torture (crux, a cross); decorare, decorate (decus); discriminare, distinguish (discrimen); ĕqvitare, ride a horse (ĕqves); exāmĭnare, aveigh (examen, tongue of balance); exhērēdare, disinherit (exhēres); exulare, be an exile (exul); exuberare, overflow (über, abundant); fēnĕrare (also dep.), lend money (fēnus, interest); ferruminare, solder (ferrūmen); fruticare (also dep.), sprout (frutex); fulgurare, lighten (fulgur); fulminare, hurl thunderbolts (fulmen); fünĕrare, inter (fūnus); furari, thieve (fur); gěněrare, beget (genus); germinare (Plin.), bud (germen); glömĕrare, gather into a ball (glomus); glutinare, glue (gluten); hiěmare, spend winter (hiems); honorare, honour (honor); hospitari, be a guest (hospes); Imaginari, picture to oneself

959

900

961

(Imago); interpretari, interpret (interpres); judicare, judge (judex); Jurare, swear lit. affirm right (jūs); lăbōrare, labour (lăbor); lăpídare, stone (lăpis); laudare, praise (laus); legare, appoint formally (lex); mancipare, sell (manceps); marginare, furnish with a rim (margo); militare, serve as a soldier (miles); moděrare, regulate (as if from a stem modus-; comp. modes-tus); mănĕrare, reward (munus); murmurare, murmur (murmur); nōminare, name (nōmen); nutricare, suckle (nutrix); Ŏdōrare, give a smell, odorari, scent out (odor); ōminari, forbode (ōmen); Ŏněrare, burden (õnus); Ŏpěrari, work (õpus); ōrare, speak (ōs, mouth); ordinare, set in order (ordo); pauperare, make poor (pauper); pignĕrare, pledge (pignus); pondĕrare, weigh (pondus); prěcari, pray (prex); pulvěrare, bestrew with dust (pulvis); recordari, call to mind (cor n.); refrigerare, make cool again (frīgus); remigare, row (rēměx); rōborare, strengthen (rōbur); rōrare, drop, bedew (ros); ruminare (also dep.), chew the cud (rümen); sălutare, greet (sălus); scělĕrare, pollute (scelus); segregare, separate (segrex); seminare, sow (sēmen); sperare, hope (spes § 340 n.); stercorare, dung (stercus); temperare, proportion, forbear (tempus); vădari, bind over by bail (vas); vǎpõrare, steam (văpor); vēlitari, skirmish (vēles); věněrari, worship (regard as charming? věnus); verberare, beat (verběra pl.); verminare, to have worms (vermina pl.); vigilare, watch (vigil); ulcerare, ulcer (ulcus); vulnerare, wound (vulnus).

-ĭcā

-t-īgā

albicare, be white (albere); candicare (Plin.), be whitish 962 (candere); claudicare, be lame (claudere); födicare, dig frequently (fodere); prævaricari, act in collusion (vāro-, crooked); vellicare, pluck (vellère). Comp. § 768.

castigare chastise (casto-); fastīgare, bring to a point; 963 fătigare, tire (comp. affătim); vestigare, track. (With this suffix comp. vectigal).

-tā (-sā) As if from same stem as past participles: usually express- 964 ing repeated action, or attempt. In a few cases the simple verb does not exist, or has a different form of past participle. (None are from participles in -āto: compare § 965.)

adjūtare, help (adjuvare); adventare, come continually (advěnīre); ægrotare, to be sick (comp. ægro-); affectare, aim at (afficère); amplexari, embrace (amplecti); aptare, fit (comp. ăpi-sc-i); argutari, prate (arguère); artare, compress (arcere); assentari, Aatter (comp. assentire); cantare, sing (cănĕre); captare, catch at (căpĕre); certare, strive (cernère); cessare, loiter (cēdĕre); citare, rouse (cière); cœptare, begin (cœpère); commentari, debate (comminisci); conflictare, fight (configère); consultare, deliberate (consulère); crépitare,

rattle (crĕpāre); cùbítare, lie frequently (cùbare); cursare, run about (currère); dătare, give repeatedly (dăre); defensare, defend (defenděre); delectare, delight (dēlicĕre, præ-Cic.); dictare, say frequently (dīcĕre); dissertare, discuss (dissĕrĕre); domitare, tame (domare); dormitare, be sleepy (dormire); ductare, lead about (dūcère); exercitare, exercise (exercere); fügitare, flee habitually (fügère); gestare, wear (gĕrère); grassari, attack (comp. grădi); gustare, taste (comp. yevew); habitare, dwell in (habere); hortāri, exhort (cf. p. 237); itare, go frequently (īre); jactare, toss, boast (jăcĕre); lactare, wheedle (lăcere, only in compounds); lapsare, stumble (lābi); lătătare, lie hid (lǎtēre); mactare, slaughter (comp. mactus, as if from măgère); měritare, use to earn (měrēre); mersare (mertare, old, according to Quint.), dip (mergère); mōtare, move about (mõvēre); mussare, mutter (comp. müttīre, μú(ewv); mütare, change (comp. mòvēre); nătare, swim (nāre, § 644); nictare, wink (comp. cōnīvēre); nixari, strive (nīti); notare, note (noscère; comp. cognitus); nütare, nod (nuere, only in compounds); occultare, conceal (occélère); offensare, strike often; ostentare, show off (ostĕndĕre); păvitare, shake with fear (pavēre); pensare, weigh (pendĕre); plăcitare (Plaut. once), use to please (plăcere); pollicitari, make overtures (pollicēri); portare, carry (comp. Tоρ-evel); pōtare, drink (pōtus); prensare, grasp (prendĕre); pressare, press (prěměre); pulsare (pultare, old, according to Quintil.), beat (pellère); putare, prune, settle, think (pŭtus); qvassare, shake (qvătĕre); raptare, snatch (răpĕre); reptare, creep often (rēpère); responsare, answer (respondere); restitare, stay behind (restare); ructare, belch (as if from a verb rugère; comp. ructus); saltare, dance (sălire); scitari, inquire (scire); sectari, follow (seqvi, secutum); spectare, look (spěcère); strěpitare, rustle (strěpère); temptare, attempt; territare, frighten (terrēre); tortare, torture (torqvēre); tractare, handle (trăhĕre); tütari, protect (tuēri); versare, turn about (vertère); vexare, harass (věhěre, vectum); võlūtare, roll (volvĕre); vòmitare, vomit often (vòměre).

-Itā

Usually suffixed to the last consonant of the present stem 955 of another verb; sometimes the I may be part of the stem, not of the suffix.

ǎgitare, shake (ǎgère); cênitare, dine often (cenare); clāmitare, shout repeatedly (clamare); cogitare, think (cōgère); debilitare, weaken (dēbili-, adj.); dubitare, doubt (dŭbio-); febr-ic-itare, be ill of a fever (febri- comp. febriculosus, § 814); flāgitare, demand; flŭítare, float (flu-ĕre); hišţare (præ-Cic.), yawn frequently (hiare); Imitari, imitate; impĕritare, command (impĕrāre); minitari, threaten repeatedly (mināri); mōbilitare, make moveable (mōbili-); něgitare, deny repeatedly (něgāre); nōbilitare, make famous (nõbili-); nōminitare (Lucr.), name (nōminare); noscitare, recognize (noscère); palpitare, throb (palpāre); părītare (Plaut.), make preparations (părare); pericli