UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL MEDICAL SCHOOL. (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.) WINTER SESSION 1906-7 begins on TUESDAY, OCTOBER 2, 1906. University College Hospital Medical School comprises the Departments of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Clin cal Surgery, Midwifery and Gynecology, Pathology and Morbid Anatomy and Clinical Pathology, Bacteriology, Mental Physiology and Mental Diseases, Dental Surgery, Practical Pharmacy, and other departments for the study of Special Diseases, such as those of the Eye, Skin, Ear and Throat, and for instruction in the use of Anaesthetics, and in Electro-therapeutics and the application of the X-Rays. ENTRANCE. A student may enter the School as soon as he has passed the University of London Matriculation Examination or one of the other Preliminary Examinations that qualify a Medical Student for entering a Medical School. In this case he will pursue his Preliminary and Intermediate Studies at University College, and when those are completed will carry on his advanced Medical Studies at University College Hospital Medical School. The student who, in addition to having passed a Matriculation or other examination, has completed his Preliminary and Intermediate Medical Studies at University College or elsewhere, may enter the University College Hospital Medical School for his advanced Medical Studies only. Qualified Medical men and others who can produce evidence of sufficient qualifications may be admitted to Special Departments for the purposes of research or to Hospital Practice for certain definite periods. FEES. The Preliminary Scientific course at University College, 25 guineas. Final M.B. course at University College Hospital Medical School, So guineas if paid in one sum, or 82 guineas paid in two instalments of 50 and 32 guineas. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HOSPITAL has, through the munificence of the late Sir John Blundell Maple, Bart., been rebuilt and extended in accordance with the requirements of modern sanitary science. The new Hospital will accommodate 300 patients, and possesses extensive out-patient and Special Departments. Thirty-six clinical appointments, eighteen of which are resident, are filled up by competition during the year, and these, as well as all Clerkships and Dresserships, are open to students of the Hospital without extra fee. The Hospital is now complete, and will be formally opened by H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught on November 6. NEW BUILDINGS FOR THE MEDICAL SCHOOL are being erected by means of the munificence of Sir Donald Currie, immediately opposite the Hospital, and will be ready for occupation shortly. Provision will be made in them both for the work of the Undergraduate Student and for that of the Post-graduate and Research Student. Medicine Clinical Medicine Surgery Clinical Surgery Midwifery Pathology Medical Jurisprudence Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery PROFESSORS J. R. BRADFORD, M D., F.R.S. J. R. BRADFORD, M.D., F.R.S. A. E BARKER, F.R.C.S. Scholarships and Exhibitions of the value of £400 are offered for competition annually. The Athletic ground is at Acton, within easy access of the Hospital. Prospectus, with all information as to Classes, Scholar hips, &c., may be obtained from the DEAN, University College Hospital Medical School (Gower Street, W.C.). SIDNEY MARTIN, M.D., F.R.S., Dean. Fellowships, Scholarships, Exhibitions, &c. University College has been const tuted a University Centre for the teaching of the Medical Sciences. Courses of instruction are arranged for the Preliminary Scientific and the Intermediate Examination in Medicine of the University, as well as for the corresponding examinations of the Examining Board of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons and other Licensing Bodies. Fees for the Preliminary Scientific Course, 25 guineas; and for the Inter mediate Course, 55 guineas. The Examination for the Buckrill Scholarship of the value of 135 guiness, and for the Entrance Exhibitions, of the value of 55 guineas each, com mences on September 25. For Prospectus and other information apply to the SECRETARY, University College, London (Gower Street, W.C.). W. W. SETON, M.A., Secretary. WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL. BROAD SANCTUARY, S.W. The WINTER SESSION of the Medical School will commence on OCTOBER 1. The Hospital is most conveniently situated, being immediately opposite Westminster Abbey. ENTRANCE SCHOLARSHIPS to the value of £320 will be competed for on September 26 and 27. FEES.--For the London University curriculum, 140 guineas. For the curriculum of the Conjoint Examining Board, 120 guineas. The Hospital is fully equipped with every modern requirement, including a recently built clinical laboratory. There are unrivalled opportunities for CLINICAL WORK, and great facilities for obtaining RESIDENT APPOINTMENTS, the Resident Medical Officers being appointed by competitive examination, Under a scheme for the teaching of the Preliminary and Intermediate subjects of the medical course recently made with the Science department of Kings College, all the subjects of the curriculum in its Preliminary, Intermediate, and Final branches are now taught by specialists in their own department. A prospectus and full particulars may be obtained by application to LONDON HOSPITAL MEDICAL (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.) SPECIAL CLASSES. SPECIAL CLASSES for the PRELIMINARY SCIENTIFIC MIL EXAMINATION (1 ONDON) will COMMENCE on OCTOBER 1. Fee for the whole Course (One Year) 10 guineas. SPECIAL CLASSES are also held for the INTERMEDIATE MR. (LONDON), the PRIMARY and FINAL F.R.C.S., and other Examioations. Arrangements have been made with leading engineering firms in Edinburgh and elsewhere whereby students may combine their apprenticeship with their studies at the College. A similar arrangement has been made for Brewers' Apprentices, and special facilities are offered to Chemistry Students for the study of the Analysis of Fuels, Gases, and Coal Distillation Bye-Products in the Laboratories of the Corporation's Gas Works. The Day College Calendar, which contains full particulars, may be had on application to the PRINCIPAL, at the College. PETER MACNAUGHTON, S.S.C., Clerk. 20 York Place, Edinburgh, July 20, 1906. THE LONDON SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE. "CRAGGS" RESEARCH PRIZE. A Prize of £50 will be awarded in October to a past or present student of the School who, during the current year (October, 1005, to October, 1906), has made the most valuable contribution to Tropical Medicine. The fact of the work having already been published will not disqualify. Contributions must be written in English. Essays must be sent in on or before October 1 next to the MEDICAL TUTOR, who will be glad to afford further information. London School of Tropical Medicine, Royal Albert Dock, E., August, 1906. (UNDER THE AUSPICES OF HIS MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT.) THE LONDON SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE. (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.) CONNAUGHT ROAD, ROYAL ALBERT DOCK, E. (IN CONNECTION WITH THE HOSPITALS OF THE SEAMEN'S HOSPITAL SOCIETY.) The next SESSION commences on MONDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1906. For Prospectus, Syllabus and other particulars apply to the Secretary, P. MICHELLI, Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich, S E. PRELIMINARY SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION (UNIVERSITY LONDON). A Systematic Course of Instruction, including Practical Work, is given at St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School. Albert Embankment. Full particulars may be obtained from the DEAN. Attendance on this Course counts as part of the five years' curriculum. City and Guilds of London Institute, CITY OF LONDON COLLEGE. ACTING IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. WHITE ST., and ROPEMAKER ST., Moorfields, E.C. (Near Moorgate and Liverpool Street Stations.) PRINCIPAL: SIDNEY HUMPHRIES, B. A., LL.B. (Cantab.) Michaelmas Term begins Monday, October 1st. EVENING CLASSES in ALL BRANCHES of SCIENCE. Well-equipped LABORATORIES for Practical Work in CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY, BOTANY, GEOLOGY, and all branches of PHYSICS. Special Courses for London University Matric., Inter., and Final B.A., B.Sc., Conjoint Board, Pharmaceutical and other examinations. Classes are also held in all Commercial Subjects, in Languages, Literature and Art. All Classes are open to both sexes. SATURDAY COURSES for Matric., Inter., and Final B.A., B.Sc. DAY COMMERCIAL and HIGHER COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS. Prospectuses, and all other information, gratis on application. DAVID SAVAGE, Secretary. THE GLASGOW AND WEST OF SCOTLAND TECHNICAL COLLEGE, GLASGOW. SESSION begins TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 1906, in the new buildings recently erected for the College. The Diploma of the College is granted in the following Departments:CIVIL ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ELEC TRICAL ENGINEERING, MINING, NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, CHEMISTRY, METALLURGY, MATHEMATICS and PHYSICS. In conjunction with the Glasgow School of Art a Course for a Joint Diploma in Architecture has been arranged. The Courses of Study for the Diploma usually extend over three Sessions. The Average Fee per Session is £12 125. Holders of the Diploma are eligible for the Degree of B.Sc. in ENGINEERING of the UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW after attendance for at least one Session upon prescribed University Classes. New and well-equipped Laboratories in the Departments of Physics. Chemistry, Technical Chemistry, Metallurgy, Mechanics, Motive Power Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Biology and Bacteriology have been provided. The Preliminary Examination for Candidates for the Diploma begins on September 17. Names of candidates must be lodged not later than September 14. CALENDAR (price by post 1s. 4d.) and PROSPECTUS (gratis) will be sent on application to the SECRETARY. For other Scholastic Advertisements, see page cl, and Prof. HARTL'S OPTICAL DISC and POLARISING APPARATUS, covering all the important LIGHT. See NATURE, Aug. 2, pige 338. Send for Illd. Descriptive Pamphlet (including instructions for working) post free from the Sole Agents for U.K. and Colonics A. GALLENKAMP & CO., Ltd., 19 & 21 SUN STREET, FINSBURY SQUARE, LONDON, E.C. HARRISON'S PATENT CLINOGRAPH is a set-square with a swivelling blade, used in conjunction with a tee. square, for drawing lines parallel, perpendicular, or symmetrically inclined to any given line or direction. Since one edge always rests against the tee square, the discomfort attending the ordinary methods of drawing incliued lines is avoided, and such work is greatly facilitated, whilst at the same time greater accuracy is secured. Sole Maker: and Erveyin W. H. HARLING, Mathematical, Drawing, Instrument Manufacturer. 47 FINSBURY PAVEMENT, LONDON, E.C.; AND AT GROSVENOR WORKS, HACKNEY. WITH ENHANCED STEREOSCOPIC EFFECT. FOR TOURISTS. × 6, £6 0 0. x8, £6 10 0. SPECIAL TYPES FOR NATURALISTS, MARINE WORK, HUNTING, &c. Illustrated Catalogue, "Tn," Post Free on Application. CARL ZEISS, JENA Branches: LONDON: 29 Margaret St., Regent St., W. Berlin, Frankfort o/M, Hamburg, Vienna, St. Petersburg. A NEW PATTERN FORTIN'S STANDARD BAROMETER (Registered Design No. 420,297.) As will be seen by the illustration, this Barometer is built on original lines. By the absence of the ordinary tubular enclosures in the usual form of instrument) the mercurial columnis FULLY EXPOSED to view, NO SHADOWS are thrown upon the column, and therefore an extremely accurate and instantaneous reading is made possible. The scales being graduated upon the flat side pieces the DIVISIONS AND FIGURES ARE ALWAYS IN VIEW, and the vernier is very much more legible than in the ordinary tubular patterns. The bore of the tube is 0'5 inch. The scales are graduated ini nches and millimetres, and, by means of the verniers, are capable of being sub-divided to read to 0.002 inches and 0 1 m/m. The attached Thermometer on the body of the instru ment is graduated in Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales. It is the BOLDEST Standard Barometer made. The PRICE IS LOWER than that of any other form of Standard Barometer of the same dimensions. It yields readings equally close as the highest price instruments. Price complete, mounted on handsome Polished Solid Mahogany Board, with Brackets for Suspension, and Opal Glass Reflectors, £7 10s. Od. SMALLER SIZE, "THE STUDENTS," designed for Schools for demonstration work, and small private Observatories; here 25; reading to 01 Inch and 1 millimetre. £3 7s. 6d. Sole Manufacturers and Proprietors of the Regd. Design THURSDAY, AUGUST 23, 1906. TUNNELS AND TUNNELLING. Modern Tunnel Practice. By D. McNeely Stauffer. Pp. viii+ 314. (London: Archibald Constable and Co., Ltd., 1906.) Price 21s. net. THE HE author of this book is to be congratulated both upon having produced what will prove to be a useful book of reference for engineers engaged in the arduous work of tunnelling, and also upon the fair and impartial manner in which he writes. He has given credit to those men whose names are associated with certain great improvements, and has not attempted, as is sometimes unfortunately the case, to claim inventions for his countrymen which rightfully belong to English, Italian or other nationalities. Mr. Stauffer is an American engineer in New York, but he is also enrolled as a member of our Institution of Civil Engineers of London, and it is evident that he has had considerable and practical experience of the difficulties of tunnelling. Naturally tunnels are things to be avoided as being both costly and difficult, but for penetrating mountains, crossing under rivers and arms of the sea, or for traversing our great towns and cities, they are indispensable. There is, however, one well-known case of a tunnel in South America in which the engineers deliberately ran their railway into a mountain in order that their country should not retain the notoriety, undesired by them, of not possessing a single work of the kind, and over the portal of that tunnel is marked in large letters, "This is the first tunnel in the country." The illustrations are good and brought down to a recent date, but they unfortunately suffer from the one defect that the dimensions and notes of reference are almost too small to be read except with the aid of a magnifying-glass; it is a recognised principle that drawings which are to be reduced for publication in the leaves of a book should have all the writing and figures several times the usual size, so as to be easily legible when reduced. The chapter on surveying for tunnels contains the latest practice, and will be useful to all students and young engineers. The author describes how a ray of light is now used in many cases in place of wires, but where the latter are still employed the inconvenience resulting from their acting as long pendulums is overcome by suspending the plummets in buckets of water; tar, with its greater viscosity, is, however, more certain in its action, but has the drawback of being easily floated out by water falling down the shaft. The use of explosives is gone into very fully, many of the various kinds being described, with rules for their handling and thawing in cold weather; the general principles of blasting and the position and depth of bore-holes are carefully explained. It is found by experience that when driving a heading or gallery through hard material, more rapid progress is made if a wedge-shaped mass of rock be blown out first, in the centre of the work, as by so doing the excavation round the margin of the tunnel section is more easily removed to a true line. This is effected by making the centre holes converge to a point, and charging them in such a manner, by shortening the fuse, that their charges will be fired a few seconds earlier than those in the remaining holes. Useful hints are given as to the precautionary measures to be taken in case of a misfire, when a charged hole has to be bored out. The effects upon the engineers and workmen from the products of combustion of the explosives are referred to, and instructions are given as to remedies, but the principle of ample ventilation right up to the very face of the work cannot be too strongly insisted upon. If large volumes of fresh air are provided for the men in the most advanced working, no danger of asphyxia is to be feared. The introduction of high explosives, powerful drills, and ample machinery has reduced the necessity for a large number of shafts, and work is now often conducted only from the two portals. The author discusses from a practical point of view the size and shape of shafts when required, and is of opinion that those of rectangular form are preferable to either square or circular ones. Doubtless there is much to be said in favour of his views, but if water be encountered in a shaft and has to be "tubbed out," the circular is the only permissible form. As regards the actual sinking through water-bearing strata, compressed air cannot be made available under a greater "head" than 100 feet. Pumping can be resorted to, as is usually the case, or the "Kind-Chandron" method of sinking, as was done at Whitburn, whilst the more modern system of freezing has been tried with success recently in one or more of the collieries in Durham. It is, however, costly, and has its own inherent dangers which must be provided against; for instance, a case recently occurred in which the frozen material gave way under the hydrostatic head of the water behind it, and blew in the side of the shaft. The various methods of tunnelling known as the English, the Belgian, the German, and the Austrian systems are described, and it is satisfactory to note that the Americans adopted the first of these in several of their important tunnels. The use of steel needles in a London tunnel under houses is referred to, but notwithstanding every possible care and precaution, some injury was done to the property; now, however, by the adoption of the shield, this is reduced to a minimum. It is satisfactory to observe that the author gives the credit to the late Mr. Greathead of his shield, for although he was not the actual inventor, yet it was he who so modified and introduced it into practical work that it has been universally adopted by the engineering profession as the solution of much of the difficulty encountered in tunnelling. In like manner the name of Signor Saccardo is given as having invented the admirable system of ventilation with which his name is connected, although in more than one case in America his proposals have been adopted without his name even being mentioned. The important tunnels in Paris, Budapest, Boston, one of and New York are fully discussed, and the most instructive chapters is devoted to the Simplon Tunnel with its approaches on the Italian side between Domo d'Ossola and Iselle. The arrangements for the men, the power installation, ventilation, air refrigeration, illumination, drainage, workshops, buildings, as also the transportation service, are dealt with in such a manner as cannot fail to be useful to readers, and when it is remembered that notwithstanding the innumerable difficulties which were encountered from hard rock, hot springs, and crushing timbers, an annual progress was attained of one mile at each face, a record has been established which it will be very hard to beat. Subsequent to the date at which the book was written, it was found that in the bad ground at 44 km. from Iselle steel girders and timbers could not contend with the load they were called upon to carry, and that steel girders with cement concrete alone enabled the work to be proceeded with. Much information is given as to the ventilation of tunnels, and if only from a public point of view this is satisfactory as indicating the greater amount of attention which is now being devoted to this branch of scientific engineering. The use of compressed air in caissons, which was first applied at Rochester Bridge by Sir Charles Fox, is gone into at length, and in connection with the illness known as caisson disease it can be mentioned that the admirable system of re-compression in cases of men being affected was first proposed and carried out by Mr. Moir. A very important part of the book describes the extended use which is being made throughout the world of concrete in cement. Within the last ten years this has come into favour and is being applied to works of all kinds. Even subaqueous tunnels, such as that at Boston, are being wholly constructed of concrete, and whereas a few years ago the material was regarded with suspicion, to-day it is being loaded to the extent of 15 tons per square foot. How to render concrete air-tight and waterproof is a problem with which the author deals. In the appendix is given a useful glossary of terms used in tunnelling, and the book is rendered complete by a fairly extended index of contents. ANCIENT ASTRONOMY. Astronomy in the Old Testament. By Prof. G. Schiaparelli. Authorised English translation, with many corrections and additions by the author. Pp. viii+178. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905.) Price 35. 6d. net. evidence as to the early history of astronomy in the East. This knowledge he uses with telling effect, bringing out his points in an orderly, marshalled. logical, and therefore convincing way. He is moderate and sensible in his deductions also, and never allows himself to be carried away by that deplorable impulse to wild philological comparison and identification which has been the curse of work of this kind hitherto. He has in his English edition also had the benefit of the collaboration of the sanest and most trustworthy critics of the Old Testament, Dr. Driver and Mr. Cowley to wit, so that the reader may rest assured that in reading the book he is not groping darkly among Cheyneian cryptograms, nor need he fear that he will be haunted by the unquiet spirit of Jerahmeel. Neither the ubiquitous "Jerahmeel " nor the elusive "Musri" (see NATURE, June 26, 1902) have a place in this eminently sane and work-a-day volume, which both archæologists and astronomers will find useful. The archæologists, indeed, would only be too grateful if the astronomers would help them more than they do. The mysteries of Mahler, for instance; no unastronomical archæologist quite knows whether they are scientific gospel or not. An instance of archæological ignorance of astronomy is given on p. 68- Arcturus confounded with Arctos, and said to be a star in the Bear. Prof. Schiaparelli gives us a very lucid introduction, followed by a series of chapters on the general cosmology of the Old Testament, the stars and constellations, the doubtful Mazzoroth (perhaps the two phases of Venus), the arrangement of months, days, &c., among the early Hebrews. All is mest interestingly expressed, and the archæological and historical references are most valuable. The connection of the Jewish star-lore with that of the Babylonians is carefully but moderately brought out. A serious defect in the book is the lack of an index. The translator or publishers undoubtedly deserve blame for not having had one compiled. No doubt French or Italian writers do not habitually make indices to their books. That is their defect; in England the reader wants indices, and the fact ought not to have been forgotten in this case. We wish we could praise so highly Mr. Brown's "Primitive Constellations," as, to judge from his introduction, he is very sensitive to former criticisms. But honestly we cannot. The author of the "Great Dionysiak Myth" used to be hag-ridden by philological speculations of the kind which were fashionable in the days of Max Müller, Gladstone, and Sir George Cox, but have been recognised to be bad archæology these twenty years past. Of this we are bound to say we do not see so much in the present volume, and are glad of it, but at the same time we regret that Mr. Brown cannot bring himself to abandon his foolish explanation of the name Amalthea as the Assyrian Ammâ, "mother" +1 (which we suppose is the Arabic el) + the Greek ein; here you WE have in these two books works of very have it, Amalthea, "the divine mother" (!) Mr. different scientific value. Prof. Schiaparelli's Brown is still unable to perceive the absurdity of little book is that of an expert astronomer who has this. The learned author also used to be a victim also a remarkable knowledge of the archæological of the Greek transliteration fad of Gladstone and Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. ii. By Robert Brown, jun. Pp. xx+261. (London: Williams and Norgate, 1900.) Price IOS. 6d. WE |