NEW LIBRARY EDITIONS OF

STANDARD AUTHORS.

In the press, will be ready shortly, in 9 vols. medium 8vo. 51. 58. The WORKS of BEN JONSON. With

Notes, Critical and Explanatory, and a Biographical Memoir, by W. GIFFORD, Esq.

** This will be a faithful reprint of the now very scarce edition Issued in 1816, so ably edited by William Gifford, and will contain all the Critical and Explanatory Notes and Biographical Memoir of that most accomplished Commentator. It will range in size and appearauce with Pickering's famous Reprints of Spenser, Milton, &c.-the type and ornaments heading each Play being in the modern antique style, executed at the Chiswick Press by Messrs. Whittingham & Wilkins.

The WORKS of LAWRENCE STERNE.

With a Life of the Author, written by Himself. A New Edition, with Appendix, containing several unpublished Letters, &c. Edited by J. P. BROWN, M.D. With Portrait of Sterne, engraved on steel for this edition. 4 vols. demy 8vo. half Roxburghe, top edge gilt, 2. 2s.

HENRY

FIELDING'S COMPLETE WORKS. With an Essay on his Life and Genius by ARTHUR MURPHY. Re-edited by J. P. BROWNE, M.D. 9 vols. demy 8vo. half Roxburghe, top edge gilt, 5l. 128. 6d.

FIELDING'S MISCELLANIES and

POEMS. Forming Vol. XL.gof his Complete Works. Half Roxburghe, top edge gilt, 78. 6d.

**These Poems and Miscellanies have never before appeared in a Collected Edition of his Works, and will range with any library 8vo. adition.

The WORKS of TOBIAS SMOLLETT,

M.D. With Memoir of his Life. To which is prefixed a View of the Commencement and Progress of Romance, by JOHN MOORE, M.D. A New Edition. Edited by J. P. BROWNE, M.D. 8 vols. demy 8vo. half Roxburghe, top edge gilt, 47. 48.

The DRAMATIC WORKS of RICHARD

BRINSLEY SHERIDAN. With a Memoir of his Life by J. P. BROWNE, M.D., and Selections from his Life by THOMAS MOORE, M.D. 2 vols. demy 8vo. half Roxburghe, gilt top, 218.

EARLY IN APRIL,

THE AUCHINLECK BOSWELL'S JOHNSON.

BOSWELL'S

LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON.

WITH A TOUR TO THE HEBRIDES.

A Reprint of the first Quarto Edition; the Text carefully Collated and Restored, all Variations marked, and the New Notes embodying the Latest Information.

The whole Edited by
PERCY FITZGERALD, M.A. F.S.A.
3 vols. demy Svo. cloth, 278.

From the Athenæum of March 28th. "Mr. Percy Fitzgerald is editing a new edition, in three volumes, of Boswell's Life of Dr. Johnson.' Boswell issued two editions of his book, the first in 1791, the second in 1793. At his death, when the preparation of a third edition had just begun, Malone took up the task, and under his supervision no less than four editions were issued. The sixth, or fourth from the author's death, was issued in 1811, and was the last superintended by Malone, who died in that year. From the date of his death this edition remained the standard one, until the year 1831, when it was supplanted by Croker's edition in five volumes, which under various forms has held its place until the present moment. Malone's and Croker's are substantially the groundwork upon which all succeeding editors have worked. Malone seriously exceeded the privileges of his literary executorship in converting notes into text and vice versa, in shifting the place of notes, and revising' the text itself. These changes were not very material as to substance, but still such a mode of 'settling the text,' as it was called, pursued through a whole series of editions, could only result in a serious departure from the original. Malone, indeed, announced in his advertisements, that 'every new remark, not written by the author,' together with the letters now introduced, are carefully included within crotchets, that the author may not be answerable for anything which has not the sanction of his approbation.' This system, however, has long since been abandoned, and in the modern editions we find the author jostling with a crowd of intruders-Croker, Malone, Blakeway, Kearney-his annotations being also labelled with his own name, as though he had been introduced, like them. Even the decency of 'enclosing between crotchets' had been dropped. Croker's performance was nearly unique in the annals of editing. Not only did he make interpolations in the text on a vast scale, but he overloaded the whole with elaborate notes. Obscure allusions explained, biographies furnished, blanks filled up, mistakes corrected, opinions, either of Boswell or of Johnson, refuted in controversial style, contemporary authors largely quoted, and political opinions and prejudices duly ventilated -these were but a tithe of the Crokerian contribution. This extraordinary treatment of an author was long ago exposed by Mr. Carlyle. Croker admitted his mistake, and in a later edition withdrew the bulk of the intruded matter. Yet he could not bring himself to sacrifice the whole of the foreign element; and the work still includes masses of Thrale and other letters, diaries, and the like. But he did not stop there, and a diligent examination warrants us in saying that he has tampered with the text. Letters have been transposed, and shifted here and there, on account of some assumed inconsistency; dates have been altered, notes re-written, cut up, and distributed, or altogether omitted; while, with an overstrained delicacy, adjectives, of a somewhat coarse flavour, have been struck out, and others substituted. In this new edition, the reader will have the original text of Boswell's first edition exactly as it was printed, with the old spelling, punctuation, paragraphs, &c. Text, notes, and alterations will now, for the first time, be given complete, distinct, and fenced off, as it were, from such notes and illustrations as are supplied from other sources. Many of these additions are from original MS., and a large portion have never made their appearance in any edition of Boswell's 'Johnson."

BICKERS & SON, Leicester-square, W.C.

NEW BOOKS AND NEW

EDITIONS.

JUST PUBLISHED,

Fourth Edition, enlarged to 1,000 pages, with most important
Additions, royal 8vo. cloth, 428.

MARKS and MONOGRAMS on POTTERY

and PORCELAIN. With Historical Notices of each Manufac tory. By WILLIAM CHAFFERS, Author of The Keramic Gallery, Hall Marks on Plate,' &c. Fourth Edition, containing a vast amount of additional Information on the Foreign Potteries, and a general Revision of the Work, as well as important Historical Accounts of the principal Potteries of Europe and Asia, from the Earliest Times to the Present. The Staffordshire and other English Manufactories have been more fully described; and in connexion with the subject generally, the Author's aim has been to ascertain correctly Facts, Names, and Dates. The number of Potter's Marks and Illustrations are in this Edition increased to 3,000, many of which are hitherto unpublished.

"The

READY THIS DAY,

BOYDELL SHAKESPEARE."

COWDEN CLARKE'S EDITION of SHAKESPEARE, Complete, with Life and Glossary. Illustrated with 67 Pictures, selected from the "Boydell Gallery," Reproduced in permanent Photographs from the Original Copper-plate Engravings after Reynolds, Fuseli, Northcote, Opie, Stothard, &c. 2 vols. royal 8vo. elegantly bound in cloth, gilt sides and gilt edges, 21. 28. **The success which attended the reproduction of the famous "Boydell Gallery," has induced the Publishers to select the choicest Gems from that Work for the purpose of Illustrating their handsome edition of Shakespeare, thereby supplying a want long felt for a handsome illustrated copy of our national Poet at a moderate price.

The BOYDELL GALLERY.

A Series of Ninety-eight Pictures, illustrating the Dramatic Works of WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. Reproduced in Permanent Woodbury Type, by Messrs. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son, from the Original Copper-plate Engravings, after Reynolds, Fuseli, Northcote, Opie, Stothard, &c., and engraved by Bartolozzi, Sharp, and other eminent Engravers. The Descriptive Letter-press to each Plate printed at the Chiswick Press, by Messrs. Whittingham & Wilkins. Imperial 4to. in cloth binding, 31. 38.; in morocco, elegantly tooled, 51. 58.

SELECTED PICTURES from the GAL

LERIES and PRIVATE COLLECTIONS of GREAT BRITAIN, A Series of 150 Line Engravings from the best British Artists. Edited by S. C. HALL, Esq. F.S.A. &c.

Proofs before Letters, imperial folio, each Plate printed on India paper with the greatest care, and accompanied by a descriptive page of Letter press of corresponding size, 150 Plates, forming 4 vols. in four neat Portfolios, 214. (pub. at 521. 108.). Bound in 2 vols. half morocco, elegantly gilt, 261. 58. Or, in whole morocco, super-extra, 31. 108.

Or, in 4 vols. half morocco elegant, 301.

Artists' Proofs, atlas folio, also on India paper, and of which only a few copies were printed, 4 vols. as above, in four neat Portfolios, 31. 108. (pub. at 1051.)

Bound in 2 vols. half morocco, elegantly gilt, 361. 158.
Or, in whole morocco, super-extra, 461. 108.
Or, in 4 vols. half morocco elegant, 401.

BICKERS & SON, Leicester-square, W.C.

Price One Shilling, Monthly,

MACMILLAN'S MAGAZINE.

NEW EDITIONS.

A MANUAL of POLITICAL ECONOMY. By HENRY FAWCETT, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Cambridge. Fourth Edition, Enlarged by New Chapters on NATIONALIZATION of the LAND, and on LOCAL TAXATION. Crown 8vo. 12s. [Just ready.

The HIGHER SCHOOLS and UNIVERSITIES in GERMANY. By MATTHEW ARNOLD. With a New Preface, comparing the Policy of the Prussian Government towards Roman Catholic Education and Roman Catholicism with that of the English Government in Ireland. Crown 8vo. 6s. [This day.

LIFE of J. COLERIDGE PATTESON, Missionary Bishop of the Melanesian Islands, By CHARLOTTE M. YONGE. Second Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. with 2 Portraits engraved by Jeens, 30s. [This day. "Such a life, with its grand lessons of unselfishness, is a blessing and an honour to the age in which it is lived; the biography cannot be studied without pleasure and profit; and, indeed, we should think little of the man who did not rise from the study of it better and wiser. Neither the Church nor the Nation which produces such sons need ever despair of its future."-Saturday Review.

New and Cheaper Edition, Enlarged, extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d.
TRAINING in THEORY and PRAC-
TICE. BY ARCHIBALD MACLAREN. With Diagrams,
Tables, &c.
[This day.

This Edition contains a Practical Course of Training, giving directions for Exercise, Diet, Bathing, &c., from day to day, for the whole Course laid down; also a valuable Paper on the Sliding Seat, with Diagrams.

MEMOIR of a BROTHER. By Thomas HUGHES, Author of 'Tom Brown's School Days.' With Portrait of GEORGE HUGHES, engraved by Jeens. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 58.

MICHAEL FARADAY. By J. H. GladSTONE, M.D. F.R.S. The Story of his Life-The Study of his Character-Fruits of his Experience-Value of his Discoveries. With Portrait engraved by Jeens. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d.

The FRIENDSHIP of BOOKS; and other Lectures. By the Rev. F. D. MAURICE. Edited, with Preface, by THOMAS HUGHES. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. [Second Edition, now ready. DISSENT in its RELATION to the CHURCH of ENGLAND. By G. H. CURTEIS, M.A., Principal of Lichfield Theological College. Bampton Lectures for 1871. Crown Svo. 7s. 6d. [Third Edition, now ready.

STATION LIFE in NEW ZEALAND. By LADY BARKER, Author of 'Stories About:-' &c. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 38. 6d. [Now ready.

PROSE IDYLLS. By Canon Kingsley. Contents:-A Charm of Birds-Chalk-Stream Studies-My Winter Garden-From Ocean to Sea, &c. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 5s.

By,

ISAAC TAYLOR, M.A., Author of 'Words and Places." With Woodcuts.

The Times of March 23 says:-"The learning and industry displayed in this volume deserve the most cordial recognition. The ultimate verdict of science we shall not attempt to anticipate; but we can safely say this, that it is a learned book which the unlearned can enjoy, and that in the descriptions of the tomb builders, as well as in the marvellous coincidences and unexpected analogies brought together by the author, readers of every grade may take delight as well as philosophers and scholars."

This day, in 8vo. price 12s.

WILLIAM CARSTARES: a Character and Career of the Revolutionary Epoch (1649-1715). By ROBERT H. STORY, Minister of Rosneath. With Portrait engraved by Jeens.

ESSAYS and ADDRESSES. By Professors and Lecturers of Owens College, Manchester. Published in Commemoration of the Opening of the new College Buildings, October 7, 1873. 8vo. [Nearly ready.

By SEA and by LAND: a Trip through

Egypt, India, Ceylon, Australia, New Zealand, and Ame-
rica. All Round the World. By HENRY ALWORTH
MEREWETHER, one of Her Majesty's Counsel. Crown
8vo. 8s. 6d.
[This day.

WORTHIES of ALL SOULS: Four Centuries of English History illustrated from the College Archives. By MONTAGU BURROWS, Chichele Professor of Modern History at Oxford, and Fellow of All Souls. 8vo. 148. [This day.

The ODES of HORACE in a METRICAL PARAPHRASE. By R. M. HOVENDEN, B.A., formerly of Trinity College. Globe Svo. 4s. 6d. [Just ready.

UNDER the LIMES. By the Author of 'Christina North.' 2 vols. crown 8vo. 21s. [Just ready.

The FALL of PRINCE FLORESTAN of MONACO. By Himself. With Map and Illustration. 8vo. cloth extra, gilt edges, 58.-Also a French Translation, 58. [This day.

The Pall Mall Gazette.-"The book, however, is not likely to pass soon from the notice of the English, nor for that matter of the Continental, public, for we understand the Prince is already having it translated for republication abroad. Those who have read only the extracts given above will not need to be told how amusing and happily touched it is. Those who read it for other purposes than amusement can hardly miss the sober and sound political lessons with which its light pages abound, and which are as much needed in England as by the nation to whom the author directly addresses his moral."

THE CLARENDON PRESS

SERIES.

"Such Manuals, so admirable in matter, arrangement, and type, were never before given to the world at the same moderate price."-Spectator.

ENGLISH CLASSICS, &c. COWPER.—The TASK; with Tiro

cinium, and Selections from the Minor Poems (1784-
1799). Edited, with Life and Notes, by H. T. GRIFFITH,
M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3s.
[This day.

CHAUCER.-The PROLOGUE to the CANTERBURY TALES; the Knightes Tale; the Nonnes Prestes Tale. Edited by R. MORRIS. Third Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. cloth, 2s. 6d.

SPENSER'S FAERY QUEENE.

Books I. and II. Designed chiefly for the Use of Schools.
With Introduction, Notes, and Glossary. By G. W.
KITCHIN, M.A. New Edition. 2s. 6d. each.

HOOKER'S ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY. Book I. With Introduction, Notes, &c. Edited by the Very Rev. R. W. CHURCH, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. cloth, 28.

SHAKESPEARE.-SELECT PLAYS. Edited by W. G. CLARK, M.A., and W. A. WRIGHT. The MERCHANT of VENICE, 1s. RICHARD II. 1s. 6d. MACBETH, 18. 6d. HAMLET, 2s.

BACON'S ADVANCEMENT of LEARNING. With Introduction and Notes. Edited by W. A. WRIGHT. Extra fcap. 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d. POPE'S ESSAY on MAN. With Introduction and Notes. By MARK PATTISON, B.D. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.

POPE'S SATIRES and EPISTLES. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by MARK PATTISON, B.D. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s.

DRYDEN'S SELECT POEMS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by W. D. CHRISTIE, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.

MILTON'S POEMS. Edited by R. C.

BROWNE, M.A. With Introduction and Notes. 2 vols. extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d. (Separately, Vol. I. 4s.; Vol. II. 38.)

The VISION of WILLIAM concern

ing PIERS the PLOWMAN. By WILLIAM LANGLAND. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by W. W. SKEAT, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d.

TYPICAL SELECTIONS from

the

BEST ENGLISH AUTHORS, from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century. With Introductory Notices and Notes. Extra fcap. 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d.

The PHILOLOGY of the ENGLISH
TONGUE. By JOHN EARLE, M.A. New and Enlarged
Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 78. 6d.

The PRINCIPLES of GRAMMAR.
By the Rev. E. THRING, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d.
EXERCISES in ANALYSIS.
Rev. E. THRING, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 38. 6d.

By the

SPECIMENS of EARLY ENGLISH. A New and Revised Edition. With Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index. By R. MORRIS, LL.D., and W. W. SKEAT, M.A. A. D. 1298-A.D. 1393. Extra fcap. 8vo. 7s. 6d.

SPECIMENS of ENGLISH LITERATURE, from the 'Crede' to the Shepheardes Kalendar, A.D. 1394-A.D. 1579. With Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index. By the Rev. W. W. SKEAT, M.A.

7s. 6d.

An ENGLISH

GRAMMAR and READING-BOOK, for Lower Forms in Classical Schools. By the Rev. O. W. TANCOCK, M.A. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Complete List of the Clarendon Press Series forwarded on application to the Publishers.

OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS; And Published by MACMILLAN & CO. London, Pablishers to the University.

RICHARD BENTLEY & SON'S

NEW WORKS.

At every Bookseller's, Price One Shilling,

18, Great Marlborough-street.

HURST & BLACKETT'S

NEW WORKS.

VOLS. III. AND IV. OF

For APRIL, 1874. Contents.

Thousand Miles of Travel Round the World. By THERESA YELVERTON, Lady AVONMORE. 2 vols. post 8vo. 218. Including Visits to Salt Lake and the Yosemité Valley, the

CEVAL. Including his Correspondence with numerous Distinguished Persons. By HIS GRANDSON, SPENCER WALPOLE. 2 vols. 8vo. with Portrait, 308.

SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON & CO.'S NEW PUBLICATIONS.

NOTICE.-Mr. H. M. STANLEY'S New Work on the Ashantee and Abyssinian Wars, entitled COOMASSIE and MAGDALA, a Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa, demy 8vo. Maps and Illustrations, will be ready about the 10th of April.

COMPANION VOLUME to ‘THE ROYAL COOKERY BOOK.' ROYAL BOOK OF PASTRY AND CONFECTIONERY.

By JULES GOUFFE, Chef-de-Cuisine of the Paris Jockey Club. Translated from the French by ALPHONSE GOUFFÉ, Head PastryCook to Her Majesty the Queen.

Illustrated with Ten Chromo-lithographs, and One Hundred and Thirty-seven Woodcuts, from Drawings from Nature by E. Monjat. Royal 8vo. cloth extra, gilt edges, 358. [This day.

The Work is divided into Two Parts. PART THE FIRST comprises the preparation of all that belongs to Pastry proper. PART TWO treats of the larger pieces of Pastry and of small Entremets.

Sarawak, the Indian Archipelago, Ceylon, India, &c.

"As we have observed already, the authoress is an adventurous and indefatigable traveller, and saw sufficient in the course of her wanderIn the ings to furnish material for a dozen ordinary books of travel. general scheme of her volumes, she sets a praiseworthy example to She nose merciless writers who reprint their prosy diaries verbatim. skips all commonplace bits of journeying from place to place, and only She went dwells upon the scenes that were best worth describing. quite out of the beaten track, and has much to tell that is fresh and ew, and her volumes make lively reading."-Pall Mall Gazette.

The

LIFE and LABOURS of ALBANY FONBLANQUE. Including his Contributions to the Examiner. Edited by his Nephew, E. B. DE FONBLANQUE. 8vo. 168.

"In conclusion, we have, perhaps, said enough to convince our readers that Lord Lytton scarcely exaggerated when he compared Fonblanque with Swift, and we are sure the contents of this volume will A8 be read again and again by those who appreciate wit and wisdom. for journalists and political writers, they can scarcely find a more brilliant model in close and vigorous reasoning, terse and lucid expression, and an almost unrivalled wealth of apposite illustration."

AGE for 1874. Under the Especial Patronage of HER MAJESTY, and Corrected by the Nobility. 43rd Edition. 1 vol. with the Arms beautifully engraved, 318. 6d. bound, gilt edges.

LIFE of MOSCHELES, with Selections

from his DIARIES and CORRESPONDENCE. By his WIFE. 2 vols. large post 8vo. with Portrait, 248.

Travels and Adventures in the Unexplored Regions of the Centre Translated of Africa. By Dr. GEORGE SCHWEINFURTH. by ELLEN E. FREWER. 2 vols. 8vo. upwards of 500 pages each, 130 Woodcuts from Drawings made by the Author, with 2 Maps, 42s. [This day. N.B.-The Text is Translated from the Author's Unpublished Manuscript.

the Author of The Ladye Shakerley.' 1 vol. 78. 6d.

THE NEW NOVELS.

GENTIANELLA. By Mrs. Randolph.

3 vois.

For long Reviews of this important work, see the Athenæum, torial World, Ocean Highways, Nature, Daily News, Telegraph, Standard, Globe, Echo, Pall Mall Gasette, Literary World, &c.

NOTICE.-To be published on the 10th of April, AFRICA: Geographical Exploration and

Christian Enterprise, from the Earliest Times to the Present. By J. GRUAR FORBES. Crown 8vo. cloth extra.

ROBINSON, Author of 'Grandmother's Money," &c. 3 vols.

OUT of COURT. By Mrs. Cashel Hoey,

Author of A GOLDEN SORROW,' &c. 3 vols.

"This story is one of very considerable power, and of a noble aim. There are frequent touches of humour in it, and the pathos of the latter part is deep and unaffected."- Spectator.

NATHANIEL VAUGHAN: Priest and

Man. By FREDERIKA MACDONALD. 3 vols. "A powerful novel."-Examiner.

BROKEN BONDS. By Hawley Smart,

Author of Breezie Langton,'' False Cards,' &c. 3 vols.

"This sparkling novel is worthy of all commendation. The narra tive is lively, there is freshness in the scenes and incidents, and each character is worked out with singular skill."-Morning Post.

VICTOR and VANQUISHED. By

Each Work complete in 1 vol. price 58. (any of which can be had separately), elegantly printed and bound, and illustrated by

Sir J. GILBERT, MILLAIS, HOLMAN HUNT, LEECH, FOSTER,
TENNIEL, SANDYS, E. HUGHES, SAMBOURNE, &c.

HURST & BLACKETT'S
STANDARD LIBRARY

Of CHEAP EDITIONS of POPULAR MODERN WORKS.
Sam Slick's Nature and Human No Church.
Nature.

John Halifax, Gentleman.
The Crescent and the Cross. By
Eliot Warburton.

Nathalie. By Miss Kavanagh.
A Woman's Thoughts about
Women. By the Author of
'John Halifax."

Adam Graeme. By Mrs. Oliphant.
Sam Slick's Wise Saws.
Cardinal Wiseman's Popes.

A Life for a Life. By the Author
of John Halifax.'

Leigh Hunt's Old Court Suburb.
Margaret and her Bridesmaids.
Sam Slick's Old Judge.
Darien. By E. Warburton.
Sir B. Burke's Family Romance.
The Laird of Norlaw. By Mrs.
Oliphant.

The Englishwoman in Italy.
Nothing New. By the Author of
'John Halifax."

Freer's Life of Jeanne d'Albret.
The Valley of a Hundred Fires.
Burke's Romance of the Forum.
Adèle. By Miss Kavanagh.
Studies from Life. By the Author
of John Halifax.'
Grandmother's Money.

Sam Slick's American Humour.
Christian's Mistake. By the
Author of John Halifax.'
Alec Forbes. By George Mac-
donald, LL.D.

Agnes. By Mrs. Oliphant.

A Noble Life. By the Author of John Halifax.'

Dixon's New America.
Robert Falconer. By George Mao-
donald, LL.D.

The Woman's Kingdom. By the
Author of John Halifax."
Annals of an Eventful Life. By
G. W. Dasent, D.C.L.
David Elginbrod. By George Mac-
donald, LL.D.

A Brave Lady. By the Author of
John Halifax."

Hannah. By the Author of 'John

Jeaffreson's Book about Doctors. Halifax.'

Sam Slick's Americans at Home.

NEYS THROUGH the OASES of DRAA and TAFILET. By Dr.
GERHARD ROHLFS. Edited by WINWOOD READE
One Vol. demy 8vo. Map, and Portrait of the Author, cloth extra.
[Nearly ready.

NOTICE.-The New Edition of FAMILIAR
FRISWELL,
WORDS, compiled by J. HAIN
which has been for a long time out of print, has now
been thoroughly Revised, with much new matter, and
a new and carefully arranged Index added, will be
ready next week. Small post 8vo. cloth, 68.

LIVINGSTONE'S LAST INTERVIEW WITH A

ARGUS FAIRBAIRN. By HENRY JACKSON,

Author of Hearth Ghosts,' &c. 3 vols. crown 8vo. cloth, 31s. 6d. [This day. "It is well told, in good English, and the high moral tone of the novel will, no doubt, commend it to a large circle of readers." Daily News.

"One of the best novels we have seen for some time. It is the work of a thoughtful and cultivated man, and, if not without flaw, has so many more beauties than imperfections, that we accept it and are grateful."-Saturday Review.

A CHRONICLE of the FERMORS: Horace By M. F. MAHONY (Matthew Stradling). Walpole in Love. Author of The Misadventures of Mr. Catlyn,'The Irish Bar Sinister,' &c. 2 vols. demy 8vo. with Steel Portrait of Horace Wal[Now ready. pole, 248. "Many of the scenes are exceedingly spirited and characteristic of the time, and the wit and point of much of the conversation is undeniable."- Observer.

Many of the incidental conversations strike us as very witty, and characteristic of the time."-Graphic.

FIVE WEEKS in a BALLOON. By JULES

VERNE. New Edition. Numerous Illustrations. Printed on Toned Paper, and uniformly with 'Around the World,' &c. Square [Next week. crown 8vo. 78. 6d.

London: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, Low & SEARLE. Crown Buildings, 188, Fleet-street.

SATURDAY, APRIL 4, 1874.

LITERATURE

THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE.

The Principles of Science: a Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method. By W. Stanley Jevons, M.A. (Macmillan & Co.) THE mathematicians have been avenged on their formidable assailant, the late Sir William Hamilton. It is well known with what fierce and passionate energy the Scotch metaphysician, in his controversy with Dr. Whewell, strove to reduce the value of mathematics as an intellectual discipline. The great master of Logic would admit no comparison between the science of mind and the science which deals with quantity and its laws. What many counted the glory of mathematics was represented by Hamilton to be the symbol of their comparative degradation. They dealt with certainties, with processes of a more or less mechanical character, which, if faithfully performed, could not fail to produce their results. Metaphysics, on the other hand, far more profoundly, and after a much more varied fashion, exercised the faculties of the human mind, because their materials were contingent. The greatest mathematicians might well be-nay, had often been-either the most credulous or the most sceptical of men, whereas metaphysicians were guarded from either extreme by the catholic intellectual training of which they were the subjects. Since Hamilton maintained these views, doing battle for them in his usual sledge hammer fashion, the Science of Logic, of which he deemed himself the great renovator and reformer, has been more diligently cultivated in England than perhaps ever before. Hamilton doubtless applied a powerful stimulus to its cultivation, and there have been diverging schools of Logic, according to the different metaphysical or philosophical proclivities of those who dealt with it. Hamilton distinguished himself by the earnestness with which he reiterated (after Kant) the assertion of the formal character of Logic as a science of the Laws of Thought. His great distinction, however, in his own eyes, and in those of some of his followers, was the discovery of the Quantification of the Predicate. By this addition to the old doctrine of the Syllogism, he had achieved, it was alleged, a greater work than any logician since Aristotle. A new Analytic of Logical Forms was required to supplement the old, though, unfortunately, it has not been supplied to this day. The new Analytic, of which we have only partial and incomplete accounts, would bring to light a side of Logic not hitherto recognized, by showing that it is pervaded by the distinction between comprehension and extension, and that the one implies the other. Logic, as the science of the fundamental Laws of Thought, requires that "we should state explicitly what is thought implicitly." And Hamilton promised, and in part gave, a system of symbolical notation, which he claimed would exhibit with the utmost mechanical simplicity the various forms of syllogisms and propositions in all their applications. Through the quantification of the predicate reasoning was re

duced to a statement of quantitative relations, and the laws which form the subject matter of logic are only the modes in which that which is implicit in thought are stated or made to appear explicitly. The work of applying the new view of the character of formal logic has been ably performed since Hamilton's time, by writers with whom he would have had scant sympathy. While Dr. Boole, by great ingenuity, has formed a theory of symbolical reasoning, developed from fundamental laws and expressed in mathematical terms, Prof. Jevons has improved upon Boole, and supplied us with a logic which makes reasoning mechanical. Dr. Boole converted logic into a mathematical calculus, and Prof. Jevons has shown how it may be made a purely mechanical process. So perfectly has he done this, that he has constructed a logical machine, or Abecedarium, which performs with infallible accuracy, by means of symbolical terms, all the processes of analytical reasoning. Surely the mathematicians are avenged on their adversary.

In previous works Prof. Jevons has explained the principles of his system, and described the instrument by which logical inference may be mechanically performed. In the two volumes before us, he has taken a wider sweep, and sought to extend the rules of reasoning with which he deals to a scientific method. His aim is to point out for the guidance of the scientific inquirer the processes or methods of inductive investigation. It is the aim of science to discover the like in the unlike amid diversity to trace identity; and in every act of scientific inference (he says) we are engaged in tracing some likeness or analogy, some equivalence or equality. The multitude of phenomena presented to our observation are either like or unlike, and in reasoning we recognize the likenesses and associate them together. By this observation of identity the mind passes from case to case in inference, acting always on the assumption that what is true of one thing will be true of its equivalent. The one supreme rule of inference consists in the direction to affirm of any thing what is known of its like, equal, or equivalent. This replacement of objects by their equivalents the author calls "the Substitution of Similars." This Substitution as the true principle in reasoning he claimed to have discovered, though, as has been pointed out by Prof. Lindsay in his edition of Ueberweg's Logic, and is now admitted by Prof. Jevons, it was long ago enounced by Dr. Beneke, who sought to prove that it was the fundamental principle of Deductive Reasoning. Prof. Jevons, however, was an independent investigator, as he was quite unaware he was using Beneke's property when, on his own account, he applied the principle of Substitution which he supposed he had discovered. Of course, the writer is only able to bring Induction within the scope of his principles by reducing it under Deduction; and, therefore, he maintains that Induction and Deduction are essentially the same, the one being only the inverse application of the other. His whole system thus rests on the doctrine of the Quantification of the Predicate, a doctrine accepted by few logicians, and to which there are formidable objections. Mr. Mill's criticism in his work on Hamilton has not been answered, and it may be doubted if it will be. Prof. Jevons, following Hamilton, of

"State

course holds that the logical postulate explicitly what is thought implicitly" involves the Quantification of the Predicate. He is satisfied, that is to say, that the Predicate is always implicitly thought to be a Quantity, a position which has not been proved. It naturally follows that every Proposition is an equation of Subject and Predicate, and Predication is the affirmation or negation that one class comes under another class. In cases in which the Predicate cannot be quantified, that is to say, when the Predicate cannot be taken substantively, it is obvious that the rule will not hold good.

On

It follows, from what has been said, that it is necessary to lay the foundations of the scientific method sought by a system of Formal Logic. A statement of the fundamental laws of thought and the manner in which reasoning proceeds, according to the principle of substitution, forms the first portion of the work. In connexion with the processes of inductive inquiry, the writer describes the mechanical arrangements by which his logical machine operates, and by which what he terms "the combinational system of Formal Logic" is "rendered evident to the eye and easy to the mind and hand." By means of letter combinations, which stand for the terms of propositions in syllogisms, the treatment of propositions is illustrated as equations. Since Induction is but an inverse employment of Deduction, it may be surmised that Prof. Jevons does not side with the philosophers who, professedly following the Baconian method, insist on discarding hypothesis. the contrary, he maintains that hypothetical anticipation of nature is an essential part of Inductive inquiry, and (as he says in his Preface) that it is "the Newtonian method of Deductive Reasoning combined with elaborate experimental verification which has led to all the great triumphs of scientific research." The sciences of both Number and Quantity are made to spring from the more general science of Logic. It hardly seems consistent with this that no Inductive conclusions are more than probable, but this is the author's view, and accordingly he includes a theory of Probability under Logical Method. In no case of inductive research do we attain to conclusions that are more than probable. The phenomena of nature are manifested in quantities of Space, Time, Force, &c.; and as their laws are quantitative, we must bear in mind the degree of quantitative approximation to the truth probably attained. A theory of approximation is considered a part of scientific method; on which a chapter is added. The use of hypothesis, generalization, and analogy and classification, are also treated with some fullness, and the work concludes with an investigation and appreciation of the logical value of our knowledge of nature.

We have given, we fear, an imperfect idea of the nature of the work under review; but we have said enough to show that the author's principles unsettle every scientific doctrine or law, and bring us back to a régime of speculation. We are taught to regard the universe as an infinite ballot-box, out of which are being constantly drawn ball after ball. By means of close observation we may form some notion of the contents of this vast ballot-box of nature, and science shows us the order of succession in which balls of various