Twist and Yarn 5,387,399 lbs. 512,256 98,720 45,403 94,400 Innumerable small craft daily arrive from the interior, laden with the produce and manufactures of the different provs, ; and the Calcutta market is well supplied with an abundance of excellent provisions: game, snipes, wild ducks, teal, and ortolans, are comparatively cheap; stallfed venison is as fat as in England, but without flavour: an immense variety of fruits of fine quality appear on European tables; and an exquisite luxury is met with in the tapaswi or mango-fish (so called because it is in season with the mango fruit), and which has been hitherto found only in the rivers of Bengal, the Birman empire, and Camboja rivers. The population of the city is unequally distributed: its N. and central portions, especially the former, are very densely inhabited; the S. part much less so, owing to the dwellings of Europeans being so much more widely dispersed. The following is the latest census (1837), giving the relative proportions of the different races of resident inhabitants : — The number of houses, huts, &c., in 1837, was 65,495, exclusive of the suburbs. Calcutta is the seat of the chief Protestant bishop of India of the Established Church of England; of the supreme courts of justice; of one of the courts of circuit and appeal for the presidency of Bengal; of a vicar-apostolic of the Romish church, with authority over 14 priests and 10 churches, one of which is in that city. European society in Calcutta is gay and convivial; and fêtes and dinner-parties, both numerous and splendid, are given by the government officers and wealthy private individuals. A certain degree of formality and stiffness is, however, very prevalent; and the Brahminical institution of castes would appear to have communicated itself to all ranks and classes of Europeans. Bishop Heber observes, that the large dinner-parties, in addition to the geographical situation, and other local peculiarities; the aspect and architecture of the place; the multitude of servants, want of furniture in the houses, &c., tend, except in respect of climate, to give Calcutta a striking resemblance to Petersburg. Besides private parties, there are public subscription assemblies, with conversazioni, concerts, and a theatre, though the latter is but little frequented. It is usual with Europeans to rise early, the pleasantest part of the day being the first of the morning; after tiffin (lunch), which is taken between 2 and 3 o'clock, many persons, during the summer heats, retire to sleep for two or three hours; at sunset the fashionable drives of the Esplanade are crowded with European vehicles of all sorts, and the dinner-hour soon after succeeds. The equipages of Calcutta embrace barouches, chariots, tilburies, gigs, &c., as in England, drawn by a breed of horses which have been greatly improved through the government stud and importations from Europe and Arabia: but a grotesque and peculiar appearance strikes AN ACCOUNT showing the Total Amount of the Import and Export Trade of Calcutta in 1836-37 and 1837-38 ; showing also the Amount of the Trade with each Country, and the proportion per cent. which the Trade with each Country bears to the Total Amount of the Trade. (Bell's Review of the Commerce of Bengal for 1836-37 and 1837-38.) | above district, and of the prov. Malabar, 85 m. S.W. Seringapatam, and 380 m. W. S. W. Madras; lat. 11° 18′ N., long. 75° 50′ E. Pop. 25,000.? The principal exports are pepper, teak, sandal-wood, cardamoms, coir, cordage, and wax; but Calicut is destitute of any good harbour. This was the first place in India made by the Portuguese under Vasco de Gama, who arrived here 18th May, 1498. In 1509 the Portuguese were repulsed, with great slaughter, in an attack on the place, and their commander killed. In 1766 it was taken by Hyder Ali, and Tippoo afterwards destroyed the fort and town, obliging the inthe prov. by the British in 1790, most of them returned to it, and in 1800 Calicut again numbered 5,000 houses. (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz. i. 326.; Journal of the Asiat. Soc. ii. 346.) the eye of the European in the intermixture of Asiatic costumes, black coachmen, &c. in the scene. Most visits at a short distance are paid in palanquins, the bearers of which are from Balasore, Behar, or the northern Circars, and run silently, bare-headed, and almost naked. The Anglo-Indian, or half-caste population, the product of an intercourse between Europeans and natives, are more numerous in Calcutta than any where else in India; they are intelligent, industrious, and generally well educated, and possess a degree of consideration in the eyes of the native population, though they are without any political influence. All of them speak En-habitants to migrate to Nelluru; but on the conquest of glish, as well as the native dialect. Many of the halfcaste females, daughters of mothers of high caste, are educated in the seminaries in and near Calcutta, and often marry Europeans, when they are said to make most unexceptionable wives and mothers: their children, in this case, lose in one or two generations all distinctive raark of their Indian origin. A considerable number of the new zemindars, and the retired traders who have become wealthy, reside in Calcutta ; where they have houses handsomely furnished in the European style; drive the best horses and equipages; have adopted some English habits and tastes; speak the English language; enter into the politics of the British empire, and are not ignorant of English literature. With ail this, the education of their sons is often miserably neglected, and they turn out mere spendthrifts; but the fact is sufficiently and generally manifest, that the native inhabitants of all ranks show a willingness to learn and speak English, an increasing anxiety to send their children to our schools, and a growing neglect of caste and other national prejudices; tendencies which, if properly taken advantage of, may, ere long, be turned much to our mutual benefit. CALIFORNIA, a country of N. America, extending along its W. coast from 22° 48′ to 42° N. lat., and between long. 107° and 124° W., having N. the W. territories belonging to the U. States, E. Mexico and the Gulph of California, and S. and W. the N. Pacific Ocean. It is naturally divided into Old or Lower, and New or Upper, California; which, as they differ widely, both as to formation and products, we shall notice separately. CALIFORNIA (LOWER), a long narrow peninsula on the W. coast of N. America, between 22° 48′ and 320 N. lat., and 109° 18' to 116° 30′ W. long., having N. Upper Ca lifornia, E. the Gulph of California, which separates it in almost its entire length from the Mexican prov. of Sonora, and S. and W. the N. Pacific Ocean; length about 700 m.; breadth varying from 30 to 100 m., with an average of 50 or 60 m.; area 38,000 sq. m. Pop. perhaps not more than 14,000 or 15,000. (Forbes.) A chain of rocky mountains, not more than 5,000 ft. in height, runs through the centre of the peninsula from The great bulk of the natives have a very bad cha- S.E. to N.W. The surface of the country consists of racter, being proficients in intrigue, falsehood, and chi- groups of bare rocks broken by ravines and hills, intercanery; prone to perjury, theft, gambling, and all kinds spersed with tracts of a sandy soil nearly as unproductive. of dishonesty; and of a cowardly disposition: but it is It is, in fact, one of the most barren and unattractive generally admitted that the morality of the native inha-regions within the temperate zone. In some sheltered bitants of Calcutta is at a lower ebb than that of those in spots, where the soil has not been carried away by the the provincial districts. A perceptible amendment in the torrents from the mountains, or in others which chance morals and pursuits of the people is, however, said to be to be fertilised by small streams (which are very scarce), taking place. The Bengalee dialect, which had long there is mould of great fertility; but such spots are been looked on with much prejudice by the natives of rare and of small extent. There are some tolerable India, is now reviving, and various works are published harbours; but the same barrenness reigns around them in it every year. Numerous periodical works, news- that prevails elsewhere, and renders them ineligible as papers, &c., issue from the press in Calcutta; amongst situations for towns. Lower California is said to be rather which are the Bengal Hurkaru and Chronicle, the Cal-rich in minerals. At its S. extremity there are argentifecutta Courier, and the Englishman, daily; one paper rous lead ores; in other parts there are mines of gold and twice, and another three times, a week; 6 weekly ones; silver; but of these none are now wrought, with the exof which one is in the native tongue, and another, the ception of those of San Antonio, in or about the 24th paralReformer, an English paper, conducted by native gen- lel, which afford a trifling produce. The climate is excestlemen; various other native publications; and 5 monthly, sively dry and hot : unlike Mexico, the rains, except in the and 2 yearly (English) journals. There are several most southerly parts of the peninsula, occur during the distinguished scientific, literary, and other associations, winter months; summer rains scarcely occur N. of Loin Calcutta; as the Asiatic Society, which owes its ori-reto, near lat. 26° N. Violent hurricanes are frequent, gin to Sir W. Jones; the Medical and Physical, Agricul- but not earthquakes. Timber is very scarce, and by far tural and Horticultural, Societies; the Chamber of the greater portion of the country is incapable of proCommerce, Trade Association, &c. To the very able ducing a single blade of corn. The sheltered valleys only monthly journal of the Asiatic Society we have been near the different missions are cultivated with maize, and much indebted in this and various articles of the present yield a variety of fruits. Dates, figs, &c., are dried, prework. served, and exported; wine is also made and exported, and a kind of spirit is distilled from the muscat. Cattle are rather numerous as compared with the population, and feed in part on the leaves of the musquito tree, a species of acacia. Wolves, foxes, deer, goats, several snakes, lizards, and scorpions are amongst the wild animals; and the fertility of the sea, if properly taken advantage of, would make amends for the indomitable barrenness of the land. The pearl-fishery in the Gulph of California has been famed from its first discovery, and in the 17th and 18th centuries large quantities of pearls were obtained by the Spanish adventurers. Violent means, attended with frequent loss of life to the Indians, were often resorted to, to carry on the fishery: it was customary with the Spaniards to kidnap and employ by force as divers all the inhabitants of the coasts and islands of the gulph they could lay their hands on. When the Jesuits had settled in California, they obtained the prohibition of such practices towards the Indians under their protection; and divers were then brought from the opposite or Mexican side of the gulph, in which none were allowed to fish for pearls but such as had the viceroy's licence. When prosecuted to its greatest extent, from 600 to 800 divers were employed; the fishery was carried on by vessels of 15 to 30 tons' burden. The oysters were dívided as follows: two for the "armador," or owner of the vessel; two for the "busos," or divers; and one for the king, whose fifth, at the commencement of the 17th century, often produced a value of no less than 12,000 dollars per annum for every bark employed. The oysters were then immediately opened. The pearls found in those belonging to the divers were equally divided amongst them, and either sold on the instant to the armador, to whom they were always indebted for their outfit and previous advances, or to dealers on shore, who supplied In 1698 the British factory was removed thither from Hooghly; but in the early part of the last century Calcutta was but a paltry village, belonging to the Nuddea district, and inhabited chiefly by husbandmen. Chowringhee was also but a straggling village, and a forest jungle, interspersed here and there with patches of cultivated land, covered what is now the Esplanade, so late as 1756. In that year Suraja-ul-Dowlah, the soubahdar of Bengal, dispossessed the English of their settlement; on which occasion 146 Englishmen, who had been left to defend the factory, were shut up at night in the black hole (a part of the old fort, taken down in 1818), of which number only 23 were found alive next morning. Col. Clive, with some Madras troops, retook Calcutta Jan. 1, 1757; since which it has been quietly retained by the British, and risen to its present degree of importance. (Hamilton's E. 1. Gaz. 1. 315-325.; Hamilton's Hindostan, i, 48–61.; Heber's Journal, &c.; Journals of the Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain and Bengal, &c.; Mod. Trav. ix. 36-115.) CALDER, a river of England, in Yorkshire, rises on the S.E. side of Bolesworth-hill, in the grand central range of English mountains, and flowing in an E. direction, at a little distance from Halifax and Dewsbury, and past Wakefield, unites with the Aire at Castleford. This river is of great importance in the canal system of Yorkshire and Lancashire, and has been rendered navigable for a great part of its course. Another river of the same name rises on the W. side of the same hill, and, flowing W., falls into the Ribble. It is of very inferior importance. (See HUMBER.) CALICUT, a marit. distr. of Hindostan, prov. Malabar, which see. CALICUT, a marit, town of Hindostan, cap. of the them with spirits, chocolate, sugar, cigars, &c., and who | rado, runs through a country capable of sustaining a often reaped more profit than the armadors. In 1825, Captain Hall says the oysters were differently distributed the largest were first laid aside for the Virgin, and of the rest, 8 were the share of the owners, 8 of the divers, and 2 only of the government. Sixteen or18 small vessels are now annually employed in the gulph, each of which obtains, in favourable seasons, from 500 to 1,000 dollars' worth of pearls. In 1831, four tolerably large vessels from the opposite coast of Mexico, with 180 divers, together obtained pearls to the value of 2,6601. (Forbes.) Pearls, tortoiseshell, a few bullocks' hides, dried beef, dried fruits, cheese, soap, &c., constitute all the exports of Lower California, which are mostly sent to San Blas and Mazatlan, in small coasting vessels. The imports are provisions, clothing, agricultural and domestic utensils, supplies for the ceremonies of the church, and a small amount of the ordinary luxuries of life. This country was discovered by Hernando de Grijalva in 1534; but no settlement was made by the Spaniards till towards the conclusion of the succeeding century, when some Jesuits established themselves here, with the view of converting the natives. They found the latter feeble, timid, and indolent, little advanced above the rudest state of barbarism; living by hunting and fishing and the spontaneous produce of the soil, destitute of agriculture; the men without any covering whatever, and any fixed forms of government or religion apparently unknown. Loreto, considered the capital, and various other small settlements, were established in different parts of the country by the Jesuits, who instructed the natives in agriculture, and persuaded many of them to adopt settled habitations; but this civilisation has taken no real root, and the Indians appear to be rapidly diminishing. Perhaps half the natives of Lower California have been nominally converted to Christianity. (Forbes, Alex., California, 1839, 1-75.; | Coulter, Dr., in Geog. Journ., vol. v. &c.) CALIFORNIA (UPPER OR NEW), in its widest sense, comprises all that extensive portion of N. America between lat. 320 and 42° N., and long. 107° and 124° W. Within these limits it includes the territory discovered by Sir F. Drake, and named by him New Albion; and has N. the W. territories claimed by the United States; E. the river Colorado, which separates it from Mexico; S. Lower California; and W. the N. Pacific Ocean. The E. and central parts of this region are occupied by the Rocky Mountains, an immense chain running N. and S.; and on the W. side of these, by a dry and sandy plain or desert, about 700 m. in length, with a breadth of about 100 m. at its S., and 200 m. at its N. extremity. This plain forms the E. boundary of the inhabited, and indeed only habitable portion of Upper California. The part inhabited by Europeans and other foreign settlers is merely a tract extending along the shore of the Pacific for about 500 m., and bounded inland by the first range of hills, with an average breadth of 40 m.; area about 20,000 sq. m. Pop. (1831) 23,000. This territory has been thus divided : Presidios or Jurisdictions. Pop. 1831. San Francisco Monterey Santa Barbara San Diego Ch. towns. Pop. large population. The San Joachim and Jesus Maria are both large and navigable streams, discharging themselves into the same bay; the Rio de San Buenaventura has a N. W. course of nearly 200 m., and falls into the Bay of Monterey. The other streams are mere rivulets, and the general infrequency of rivers and springs is the chief defect of the country; though water may be obtained in most places by digging. The climate of California, and indeed of all the country on the W. side of the Rocky Mountains, is considerably warmer than that of the country in the E. parts of America, in the same latitudes. Near the Colorado, the heat of summer is sometimes intense, reaching 1400 Fahr.(Coulter): during the month of December, 1826, Capt. Beechey found the mean temperature at San Francisco 53° 2. Fahr. So far as known, minerals are of very little importance; E. of Santa Ynez (about lat. 34° 30′), a small silver mine was wrought for some time, and small quantities of gold have been found in one of the streams falling into the S. Tule lake; but excepting these, limestone and clay, none else have been discovered of any value; and in this respect, as well as in its abundance of vegetable and animal life, and the fertility of some of its districts, it strikingly contrasts with Lower California. There is a profusion of forest trees, including oak, elm, ash, beech, birch, planes, and many varieties of pine, which grow to a large size, and are often spread out into extensive forests. Its abundance of timber, and the goodness of its shores, afford great facilities for ship-building and the acquisition of maritime importance. Although many fine fruits are easily cultivated, few are indigenous. Amongst those which are, is a species of vine, producing grapes of considerable size, and so plentiful, that considerable quantities of brandy are made from them. Among the wild animals, Forbes reckons the American lion (Felis concolor), the American tiger (Felis onca), buffaloes, stags, roes, elks, the wild mountain cat, bears, wolves, jackals, numerous herds of wild cattle, foxes, polecats, otters, beavers, hares, rabbits, and a profusion of other kinds of game. The elk, and argali (Ovis pygargus, Cuv.) are domesticated; the bison is hunted for its skin, which is used in many parts of Spanish America as a bed or carpet. Birds are exceedingly abundant. Otters and beavers are found in all the rivers, lakes, and bays; but their numbers have greatly decreased, since the country began to be more settled. Captain Beechey estimated the annual export of skins in 1824 at 2,000; and the quantity is now probably less than this, though it might no doubt be increased by a better system of hunting. The sea contains exhaustless stores of fish. The Indians of Upper California are seldom much more than 5 ft. in height, and of a dark copper-colour; they have projecting lips, broad and flat noses, low foreheads, over which their hair, which is long and straight, grows down near the eyebrows; beard generally scanty. They have a timid carriage, are indolent, pusillanimous, and without any of the boldness, industry, and activity evinced by the Indians nearer the pole. Excepting those that have been converted in the different missions, the women go nearly, and the men entirely, naked. They are filthy in their habits, have few articles of furniture, and live in wigwams built in great part of a kind of bulrush, of which also they construct their rafts, and what clothing they use. In their primitive state they have no agriculture, but subsist on wild herbs, seeds, which the on the shores, the products of the chase, and whale's flesh and blubber, whenever that animal is cast upon the shore; an event which occasions great rejoicing. In 1831, 18,700 Indians, nominally converted to Christianity, resided in the 21 missions. The men are employed in agricultural labours, or in the warehouses and laboratories of the mission; the women are occupied in spinning, grinding corn, and other domestic duties. All are fed and clothed by the friars, to whom they are, in fact, slaves: their modes and condition of life have been somewhat improved; but their numbers are evidently diminishing. The whole of the free settlers, including those of mixed blood, do not exceed 5,000. The greatest part of the lands, and especially those to the S. of Monterey, are in the hands of the missionaries; those parts, however, which, both as to fertility and climate, are best suited for emigrants, lie N. and E. of the Bay of Francisco: these are as yet unoccupied, and peculiarly favourable for the culture of grain, and for the rearing of cattle. In 1831, the harvest produced 14,438 quarters, of which 7,857 were wheat, and the rest maize, barley, &c. The first ridge of mountains met with on passing inland is a continuation of the central chain of Lower Califor-women collect and grind into a meal, fish, the Testacea nia, which, after entering this portion of the country, divides into several ranges, which diverge from each other as they advance N. Some of the more inland ranges are constantly capped with snow, and it is supposed in about 420 N. lat. they join the table-land, which divides the waters flowing into the Columbia river from those which fall into the Bay of San Francisco. Surface of the country near the ocean very diversified; in some places elevated into ranges of hill from 1,000 to 3,000 ft. high, in others spread out into extensive plains. Some of the hills seem chiefly composed of sandstone; the soil elsewhere is often light and sandy, though fertile, or of the richest loam: in some spots it is marshy, but generally it is characterised by dryness. Upper California possesses several good harbours: San Francisco, in lat. 380, is one of the largest and best on the W. coast of America. The country immediately behind the first range of mountains is said to be superior even to that near the shore, and to consist of plains, lakes, and hills, beautifully diversified, very fertile, and abounding with timber. The plain between the first and second mountain-ranges contains the two Tule lakes. These, which are of very considerable dimensions, are connected by a river, which, following a N.W. course, falls, after escaping from the N. extremity of the upper lake, into the Bay of St. Francisco. After the Rio Colorado, the largest rivers are those which fall into the Bay of St. Francisco: the principal is the Sagramento; the only river in the country which has a S. direction, it is navigable for several hundred miles inland, and, like the Colo The potato thrives in California, and, as well as all green pot-herbs, was introduced by the Europeans: the soil and climate are found very suitable for flax; hemp of good quality was formerly cultivated to a considerable extent. The vine (Vitis vinifera) thrives in an extraordinary degree, and wines and brandies of a superior quality are made in large quantities. California has analogous latitudes with the finest wine countries in the world, and will probably, at a future period, be besides numerous herds running wild. Its chief exports are hides, tallow, and cattle, with small quantities of wheat, wine,-raisins, and olives; the whole amounting in value, perhaps, to 26,000l. a year. The chief imports are various kinds of useful manufactures, with deals, salt, silks, candles, &c. The presidios are military governments, administered formerly, under the Mexicans, by a commandant, with a body of about 250 inferior troops. The head places of the presidios are commonly a square of about 100 yds., surrounded by a wall of unburned bricks, and containing a few houses, barracks, church, &c.; at a short distance from each is a small fort; but all are very ill kept and insignificant. In their neighbourhood are some ranchos, or national farms, set apart for the use of the soldiers. The various missions are clusters of houses usually built in a square, with a territory of about 15 sq. m. each, free from government taxes, and each subordinate to a Franciscan friar, termed a prefect. There are small free towns, inhabited by retired soldiers, &c., which have their own mayor, town-council, and internal jurisdiction. This country was in part discovered by Cobrillo, a Spanish navigator, in 1542, and its N. part, called New Albion, by Sir F. Drake, in 1578. In 1768 it was first colonised by the Spaniards, and until after the revolution in Mexico, formed a province of that country. In Nov. 1836, the people of Monterey and its vicinity rose, attacked and subdued the garrison, expelled all the Mexican functionaries and troops, declared California independent, and established a congress of deputies for its future government. (Forbes's California, 1839, pp. 78-325.; Coulter, Dr., in Geog. Journal, vol. v.) CALLAH (EL), a town of Barbary, reg. Algiers, on a mountain, and surrounded by ramifications of the Atlas, 15 m. N.E. Mascara. It is a dirty and ill-contrived town, having neither drains, pavement, nor causeways. It has a citadel, and a large manufactory of carpets and burnooses, or woollen cloaks. Several villages in the neighbourhood are engaged in the same employment. Dr. Shaw thinks, that it may have been the Gitlui or Apfac of Ptolemy. (Shaw's Travels, 2d ed. p. 25.) CALLAN, an inl. town of Ireland, co. Kilkenny, prov. Leinster, on the King's River, an affluent of the Nore, 72 m. S. W. by S. Dublin. Pop. of the town, liberties, and parish, in 1821, 5,678; in 1831, 6,111; and in 1834, 6,262; of which 197 were of the established church, and 6,065 R. Catholics. The town was anciently walled, and a place of considerable strength; but was stormed and dismantled by Cromwell in 1650. The streets form a cross, with lanes branching from them, and the houses are, in general, very indifferent. The parish church was anciently a monastic building; the Roman Catholic chapel is modern. There is also an Augustine friary, with a large chapel, a national school, a dispensary, and a loan fund. A party of the constabulary is stationed here. The corporation, which consists of a sovereign, burgesses, and freemen, returned 2 mem. to the Irish H. of C. till the Union, when it was disfranchised. The liberties extend to a considerable distance round the town. The only trade is in grain. Markets, held in a small market-house, on Tuesdays and Saturdays; and for pigs, on every Monday from January to May. Fairs held on 4th May, 13th June, 10th July, 21st August, 10th October, 4th November, and 14th December. Post-office revenue in 1830, 2337.; in 1836, 3184 The mail coach from Dublin to Cork passes through Callan, and a car plies to it from Clonmell three times a week, conveying an average of four passengers each trip. (Stat. Surv.; Railway Rep.) CALLANDER, a bor. of Scotland, co. Perth, valley of Menteith, beautifully situated on the left bank of the Teith, 16 m. N. W. Stirling. It may be regarded as the threshold of the Highlands in this quarter, and is surrounded on all sides except the S. by stupendous mountains, forming part of the Grampians; Benledi, the highest and most striking, being 3,009 ft. above the level of the sea. Pop. 1,200. Gaelic and English are both spoken, and the Highland dress is partially worn. A classical interest has of late years been imparted to this town, and to the district with which it is connected, by Sir Walter Scott's poem of "The Lady of the Lake." Loch Katherine and the Trosachs (bristled country"), so celebrated in that poem, lie 10 m. W. from Callander; and the activity and prosperity which mark this neat little town are chiefly ascribable to the advantages it derives from lying in the line of the great thoroughfare leading to these romantic scenes. Not fewer, at an average, than 50 strangers are said to sleep in Callander every night during five months of summer and autumn, on their way to and from the Trosachs. The place abounds with inns, and most families let beds for the accommodation of travellers. The head inn, lately built, would do no discredit to any town of the kingdom. Manufactures have not yet found their way to this place. The town is built on feus, or building feases, holding of the noble family of Perth, now represented by Lord Willoughby d'Eresby; to each of which is attached an acre or more of ground, varying in yearly rent from 17. 10s. to 3., so that each family has a source of employment within itself, almost peculiar to Callander. The only public building in the town is the parish church, a modern edifice, with a spire. It has also an efficient parish school. CALLAO, a sea port town of Peru, about 6 m. W. from Lima, of which it is the port, on the N. side of a projecting tongue of laud, opposite to the barren island of San Lorenzo, which protects the W side of its bay; lat. 12° 3′ 45′′ S., long. 77° 4' 10" W. The houses in the town are mean and poor, with mud walls and flat roofs. It is well fortified. The roadstead is by far the best on the Peruvian coast, with good anchorage in from 7 to 10 fathoms. There is a rudely constructed pier, within which vessels of large burden may load and unload. There is a very good carriage road from Callao to Lima. The present town is of comparatively modern origin; the former town having been wholly destroyed and submerged in a dreadful earthquake that occurred in 1746, which also destroyed great part of Lima. In calm weather the ruins of the old town are still visible under the water at a short distance from the present town. In November, 1820, Lord Cochrane cut out the Esmeralda, a large Spanish ship of war, from under the guns of the castles of Callao. These surrendered to the independents in the course of the following year. (Stevenson's S. America, i. 134. &c.; Hall's S. America, &c.) CALLE (LA), a factory founded by the French African Company, on the N. coast of Africa, reg. Algiers, near the Tunisian frontier. It stands on a peninsulated rock nearly surrounded by the sea, and was well fortified. This was formerly the principal seat of the coral fishery carried on along the Barbary coast. It was nearly destroyed by the Algerines ir 1827. CALLIANEE, an inl. town of Hindostan, prov. Aurungabad, presid. Bombay, 24 m. N.E. that city; lat. 190 15′ N., long. 73° 15′E. It is the cap. of a distr, of the same name, and stands on the S. bank of the Cailas river, surrounded by ruins: it is, however, populous, and carries on some trade in cocoa-nuts, oil, coarse cloths, brass, and earthenware. It sustained many sieges during the wars between the Moguls and Mahrattas. The district of Calliance is a strong hilly country extending along the sea-coast, opposite the islands of Bombay, Salsette, &c., bounded E. by the W. Ghauts, and containing the towns of Bassein, Panwell, Chowl, Rajapoor, &c.: its towns are large and tolerably well peopled; but its villages small, meanly built, and thinly scattered. (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz. i. 327.) CALLINGTON, a town and par. of England, co. Cornwall, middle div., E. hund. Area of par. 2,600 acres. Pop. of do., 1,388. The town, in a low and unpleasant situation, is 7 m. S. S.W. Tavistock. It was made a bor. in the 27th of Elizabeth, and returned 2 mem, to the H. of C. from that period down to the passing of the Reform Act, when it was disfranchised. The right of election was in the owners of burgage tenures paying scot and lot. CALLOSA DE ENSARRIA, a town of Spain, Valencia, 18 m. S.S.W. Denia, near the confluence of the Guadalest and Algar, in a mountainous country that produces fine raisins, and excellent wine, almonds, and fruit. Pop. 6,100. CALLOSA DE SEGURA, a town of Spain, Valencia, 4 m. E. Orihuela, on the river Segura. Pop. 4,443. Charcoal, known by the name of graniza, is here manufactured from the stalks of hemp; it is said to be superior to any other for the manufacture of gunpowder, and is or was used in the preparation of that made for the Spanish artillery. (Miñano, Sup, p. 159.) CALMAR, or KALMAR, a sea-port town of Sweden, cap. prefecture of same name, on the W. side of the narrow strait of the Baltic separating the island of Eland from the continent, 90 m. N. E. E. Carlscrona; lat. 56° 40′ 30′′ N., long, 16° 26′ 15′′ E. Pop. 5,346. It stands on the small island of Quarnholm, which communicates with the mainland, where there is a suburb, by a bridge of boats. It is built of wood, and is strongly fortified. The castle, in the suburb, formerly looked upon as one of the keys of the kingdom, is now occupied as a house of correction. Calmar is the seat of a bishopric, and has an academy and a dockyard. The cathedral is a fine stone building; and the hotel of the prefect, the hotel de ville, and some other public edifices, are of the same enduring material. Its port is small, but safe and commodious. There are manufactures of woollen stuffs, tobacco, and potash; with breweries, &c. Previously to the annexation of the provinces of Schonen and Blekingen to Sweden, this town was of much greater consequence than at present. Its importance as a fortress has declined; and its commerce, which was formerly very considerable, has been mostly transferred to Stockholm; but timber, alum, tar, hemp, &c., are still exported. This is a very old town. Having been burnt down in 1647, it was rebuilt on the island of Quarnholm, being previously situated on the mainland where its suburb now stands. It has been the scene of some very important events in Swedish history. Here, in 1397, was concluded the famous treaty which united the kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, under the vigorous sceptre of queen Margaret, surnamed the Northern Semiramis. But in its consequences this treaty was very ruinous to Sweden. Here also, in 1520, Gustavus Vasa disembarked to deliver his country from the domination of foreigners and of a sanguinary tyrant. Louis XVIII. resided at Calmar in 1804, and erected at Stensæ a tablet in honour of Gustavus. In 1800 a fire destroyed a great number of the houses, with the buildings of the academy. (Dict. Géographique, &c.) CALNE, a parl. bor., market town, and par. of England, co. Wilts, hund. Calne, the bor. being situated on the great coach road from London to Bristol. 82 m. W. from the former, and 25 m. E. from the latter. The bor, formerly comprised 885 acres, and had, in 1831, a pop. of 2,640; but the Boundary Aet made the limits of the parl. bor. coincident with those of the par., which includes an area of 7,964 acres, and had, in 1831, a pop. of 4,795. The town is well built, with stone houses, and is well paved and lighted with gas. "It is clean and respectable; but the manufacture of cloth, which used to be carried on to a considerable extent, has for some years been on the decline; and several factories, which appear in perfect repair, are now untenanted." (Municipal Boundary Report.) "It has become a mere country town, of respectable appearance and considerable extent. It has the advantage of inland water communication by a cut from the Kennet and Avon canal, and is a place of much thoroughfare." (Boundary Report.) The church, a large ancient structure, has a tower by Inigo Jones; and there are various dissenting chapels. The town-hall was erected at the expense of the Marquis of Lansdowne. The grammar-school, founded in 1660, has two exhibitions to Queen's College, Oxford; and there are British and national schools, Sunday schools, &c. A court for the recovery of small debts is held once every 6 weeks. Calne is a bor. by prescription: it began to send mem. to the H. of C. in the reign of Edward I.; and regularly sent 2 mem. from the reign of Richard II. down to the passing of the Reform Act, which deprived it of one of its mem., and at the same time extended the limits of the bor. as stated above. Previously to the Reform Act the right of voting was in the burgesses, who might be indefinitely increased. Registered electors, in 1837-38, 178. The municipal limits coincide with those of the old bor. Bowood, the magnificent seat of the Marquis of Lansdowne, lies about 14 m. W. from the town. Marketday, Tuesday; fairs, March 6. July 22. CALVADOS, a dep. of France, so called from a chain of rocks of that name that stretches along part of its coast, bounded N. by the English Channel, E. by the dép. Eure, S. by Orne, and W. by that of La Manche. Area 556,093 hectares. Pop. 501,775. Surface mostly flat, the only hills of any consequence being in the arrond. of Vire, in the S.W. corner of the dep. Soil of the plains composed principally of calcareous clay; the soil of the valleys, of which there are several of large extent, is principally alluvial, and that of the hilly parts sandy. Minerals unimportant, with the exception of coal, of which about 340 quint. (met.) are annually produced at Littry. Climate rather cold and moist. There are several rivers, but none of them is navigable for any considerable extent inland. Coasts in most parts inaccessible; and the dep. has no good harbour. Pasturage is more attended to than tillage; but the latter is in a more advanced state than in most other departments. The average produce of wheat is estimated at about 1,400,000 hect.; and that of barley, oats, rye, and buckwheat, may be taken at about as much more. Apples are largely cultivated, and cider is the common beverage of the country. The potato culture has recently been much extended. Oxen but little used in field labour. Meadows very extensive, extending over about 123,000 hectares, and their management well understood. In the valleys, large herds of cattle are fattened for the markets of Paris, Rouen, and Caen. They are bought lean in the departments of Finisterre, Côtes-du-Nord, Sarthe, Mayenne, &c. The dairy is also an object of much attention; and large quantities of superior butter and cheese are produced. Total stock of cattle estimated at 160,000 head. The horses of this part of Normandy are reckoned the finest in France: stock estimated at 80,000, exclusive of 12,000 mules and asses. Sheep have been vastly improved during the present century. Annual produce of wool 310,000 kilogs. Great numbers of hogs are fattened. The forests cover nearly 40,000 hectares. The lace manufactory is widely diffused, particularly about Caen; and the spinning and weaving of cotton and wool occupy a great number of hands; there are, also, paper-mills, oil-mills, tanneries, refineries of beetroot and foreign sugar, distilleries, &c. The mackerel and herring fishery is successfully carried on along the coast. The dep. is divided into 7 arrond., and sends 7 mem. to the Chamber of Deputies. Number of electors, 4,191. Public revenue in 1831, 18,943,556 fr. Principal towns, Caen, Lisieux, Bayeux, Falaise, Honfleur, and Vire. (Hugo, art. Calvados.) CALVI, a sea-port town of Corsica, N. W. coast of the island, on an elevated peninsula in the gulph of the same name; lat. 42° 34' 7" N., long. 8° 45' 16 E. Pop. 1,457. It has a good harbour and road; but derives its principal consequence from its strong citadel, flanked with five bastions. It was taken by the English in 1794, but not till after a siege of 51 days. CAMARGUE (LA), a river island of France, dép. Bouches-du-Rhone, being, in fact, the delta of the Rhone. It is of a triangular form, and extends from Arles to the sea; having E. the Great Khone, or main branch of the river, N. and W. the Little Rhone, and S. the sea. It is quite flat, and is supposed to contain about 55,000 hectares, of which about 12,000, lying principally along the river, are cultivated; the rest consists of lagoons, marshes, wastes, &c. The lagoons, particularly that of Vulcaris, are very extensive: they are mostly situated in the centre of the island and along the sea coast, where the ground is lowest. Except in certain districts, where sand predominates, the soil is, in general, very fertile. The cultivated portion produces excellent crops of wheat and barley; and the marshes and other grounds feed large flocks of sheep during winter, with great numbers of cattle and horses. The latter have many properties of the Arab horses, and are hardy, and highly esteemed for the saddle. The oxen are a small breed, but strong and active; and being bred up in a state of the most perfect freedom, are very wild. Considerable tracts are covered with a salt efflorescence, a consequence of the subsoil consisting of sea sand. The pernicious influence of this salt impregnation is in some parts counteracted by inundating the country with the waters of the Rhone. A good deal of salt is produced. It is proposed to attempt the drainage of the lagoon and marshes, by cutting a canal for that purpose. In summer the air is very unhealthy. (Dict. Géographique; Hugo (tom. i. 223.) estimates the area of the island at 142,451 hectares, or at between and part of the entire dep.; but this is an obvious exaggeration.) CAMBAY, a marit. town of Hindostan, prov. Gujrat, in the Guicowar's dom., formerly a celebrated and flourishing sea-port, but now much decayed, through the filling up of the bay, at the head of which it stands, by the deposits brought down by the rivers. It is 72 m. N.N.W. Surat, 200 m. N. Bombay. Pop. about 10,000, almost equally divided between Hindoos and Mohammedans. Various Hindoo and Mohammedan edifices are still to be seen, amongst which is a very beautiful mosque, close to the nawaub's residence its main court contains 360 pillars of a handsome red sandstone, the material for which was brought, it is said, from Cutch. There are also the remains of a subterranean temple, said by some to be of Jain, but believed by others to be of Buddhic origin: it consists of two chambers, one over the other, and about 20 ft. sq. In the lower chamber three sides are occupied by empty niches; in the fourth there is a double row of white marble idols, having in their centre a gigantic idol 7 or 8 ft. high: they are all alike, with a mild aspect, the legs crossed, and a lotos flower on the sole of the foot. In the upper room the figures are similar, and in one corner there is a black marble idol of the same size and appearance as the one beneath; none of the other figures here are more than 2ft. high Many emigrants from Persia formerly settled here, after the civil wars in that country and conquests of Nadir Shah; and it has still 30 or 40 Parsee families. The silversmiths here emboss very neatly, by filling the articles to be operated on with gum lac, and then punching the figures with a small chisel; but the chief industry consists in the manufacture of cornelian, bloodstone, agate, &c. ornaments. These stones, when intended for beads, are chipped into a roundish figure, and afterwards rolled together in bags for several weeks, till they become perfectly spherical: when a flat surface is required, the stones are sawn by means of a mixture of gum lac and quartzose substances, which readily fuse together, and harden as they cool, when they are formed into cutting instruments. Cambay formerly exported silks, chintzes, gold, stuffs, &c.; but these manufactures have dwindled away: the town was given up as a trading station by the E. I. Company, who keep only |
