taken by the British in 1815. (Heber's Nar. iii. 172.; Hamilton's E. 1. Gaz.)

CANICATTI, a town of Sicily, prov. Girgenti, cant, 16 m. S. W. Caltanisetta. Pop., with cant., 17,384. It is well built. The greater part of the population consists of agriculturists.

verde antico columns that support its roof are the finest that Swinburne, no mean judge, had ever seen. There is here, also, the mausoleum of Bohemund, so celebrated in the Gerusalemme Liberata.

Canusium was the place to which the wreck of the Roman army fled after the battle of Canna. It seems to have been at the acmé of its prosperity under Trajan. It was reduced to its present deplorable situation by a series of disasters inflicted on it by the Goths, Saracens, and Normans. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, ii. 292.; Swinburne's Two Sicilies, i. 400. 4to. ed.; Craven's Calabria, p. 90.)

CANOURGE (LA), a town of France, dép. Lozere, cap. cant., in an agreeable and fertile valley, on the Urugne, 9 m. S.S. W. Marvejols. Pop, 1,969. It carries on some branches of the cotton and woollen manufactures, the products of the latter being formerly in extensive demand, and has some trade in cattle and grain. Excavations made in the vicinity in 1829 have been the means of discovering a number of vases and other remains of Roman pottery, which appear to have been manufactured on the spot. (Hugo, art. Lozère.)

CANEA or KHANÍA (an. Cydonia), a sea-port and the principal commercial town of Crete, cap. prov. of same name, on the N. shore of the island, 25 m. from its W. extremity, 64 m. W.N.W. Candia, and about 140 m. S. the island of Syra. Pop. 8,000, about 5,000 of whom are Mohammedans, and 1,000 foreigners, chiefly Hellenes and Ionians, who engross most of the import trade. The town, inclusive of the port, forms an irregular square, enclosed by walls, with bastions and a ditch on the land side. The present fortifications were constructed by the Venetians, but are inferior, both in magnitude and disposition, to those of Candia. The port is formed by a mole about 1,200 ft. in length, prolonged from the N.E. extremity of the town to the N.W., | where it is terminated by a light-house opposite to a fortress defending the harbour's mouth. The port has rerently undergone great improvements: it is the best in Crete, and capable of containing many vessels of 300 tons burden. Streets wide and well paved, but not clean; houses lofty, old, and rickety, but shops good. At the N. part of the town is a kind of citadel, formerly con- CANTAL, an inland dep. of France, formed of parts taining the arsenal, docks, &c. The Venetian galley of the ancient districts of Haute Auvergne and Velay, vaults are still in good preservation. There is a small between 44° 37′ and 45° 26′ N. lat., and 2o 5′ and 3° 14′ but excellent lazaretto, and several soap manufactories. E. long., bounded by the following depts. ; viz. N. Puy(For the exports, &c., see CRETE.) Canea is the resi-de-Dôme, E. Haute Loire, S.E. Lozère, S. Aveyron, dence of the provincial governor and of several European and W. Lot and Corrèze. Area, 582,959 hectares. Pop. consuls, and the seat of the provincial council, and 262,117. This is one of the least productive, poorest disof a Greek bishopric. Strabo and Scylax describe tricts of France. Surface much encumbered with mounthe site and port of Cydonia so as to leave no doubt tains. The highest summit, that of the Plomb-de Cantal, that Khania stands upon the identical spot. No ves- in the centre of the dep., and whence it takes its name, is tiges of the ancient city are now to be seen, though elevated 1,856 métres (6,040 ft.) above the level of the some existed at the end of the 17th century. The sea. We every where find indications of the action of plain around Canea is celebrated for its beauty; its subterraneous fires and volcanos: and though steep, the province comprises all the W. portion of the island. mountains furnish, in summer, excellent pasture. Val(Scott's Egypt and Candia, ii. 306-312.; Pashley's leys not very extensive. Between Murat and St. Fleur Trav. in Crete, i. 1-17.; Consular Report, &c.) there is a level plateau, which may be said to be the gracap.nary of the dept. Climate severe, the snow generally lying on the summits of the mountains for seven or eight months together. Several rivers, flowing in different directions, have their sources here; among which may be specified the Cere, Alagnon, Rue, Arceuil, &c.: the Dordogne runs along its N.W. frontier. Agriculture in the most backward state; the occupiers being generally poor, and wedded to old practices. The produce of wheat and oats is insuflicient for the consumption; but the inhabitants live principally on buckwheat, rye, potatoes, and chesnuts. The last, indeed, is the staple article of food in an extensive district, thence called Chataigneray. Hemp and fine flax are also raised, with various descriptions of fruits, and a little very bad wine. The principal wealth of the dep. consists in its mountain pastures and meadows; partly occupied, in summer, in dairy farming, and partly in the fattening of cattle and sheep. Large quantities of cheese and butter are annually produced. The ordinary yield of a cow is estimated at 75 kilogs. of cheese, and 15 ditto of butter. The best cheeses are made in the environs of Salers; they weigh from 70 to 80lbs.: great numbers of pigs are fed on the refuse of the dairies. Large herds of cattle are also fattened on the mountains; and it is said that the value of an ox is increased, in the course of a summer, from 150 to 220 fr. The native breed of sheep is small, and have fine fleeces. Large flocks are brought from the more S. departments, to be fattened during the summer, the fattening and pasturage grounds being often let to the proprietors of herds and flocks from the neighbouring depts. Horses small and hardy, and used for the light cavalry. Numbers of mules, asses, and goats, are also raised; the skins of the latter are sent to Milhaud to be made into parchment. Honey is an important product. Manufacturing industry is at a very low ebb in this dept. There are a few fabrics of coarse woollens and linens; and these, with coarse lace, copper and braziers' work, wooden articles, paper, tanneries, &c., include almost all that is worth notice. Numbers of the people annually emigrate in search of employment to Paris, and other parts of France, Spain, &c. Hugo gives a most unfavourable account of the state of the bulk of the population, who are said to be ignorant, lazy, rude and brutal in their manners, and depressed by poverty. The inhabitants of the mountains and plateaux suffer severely from the scarcity of fuel, and cold in winter. To obviate the influence of the latter, they lie in bed as long as possible; and have their cottages so planned that the family occupies the middle space between the cattle and the barn! Cantal is divided into four arrond., and returns 4 members to the Chamber of Deputies. Number of electors between 1,100 and 1,200. Public revenue in 1831, 4,512,327 fr. Chief towns, Aurillac, St. Fleurs, Murat. (Hugo, art. Cantal, Dict. Geog.; Malte-Brun, viii. Eng. trans.)

CANNE, an inconsiderable place in Naples, prov. Terra-di-Bari, near the Ofanto (the anc. Aufidus), 8 m. W. S. W. Barletta. It is adjacent to the site of the aucient city of Cannæ, so famous for the decisive victory gained in its vicinity by Hannibal, over the Romans, in the year 217 B. C. Never were the talents of a great general more conspicuously displayed than on this occa sion. The army of Hannibal was very inferior in numbers, and perhaps, also, in the quality of the troops, to that of his enemies; but the ability of the commander made up for every other deficiency, and, with a loss of only 4,000 of his own men, he put 50,000 Romans to the sword, and took 10,000 prisoners! (The English reader will find a good account of this great battle in Ferguson's Roman History, cap. 5.; the classical reader will resort to Polybius and Livy.)

The scene of action is marked out to posterity by the name of Campo di Sangue," field of blood;" and spears. heads of lances, and other pieces of armour, still continue to be turned up by the plough.

The city of Canna was destroyed the year before the battle; but it was afterwards rebuilt, and was a bishop's see in the infancy of Christianity. It seems to have been abandoned in the middle ages for the cities along the coast. (Swinburne's Two Sicilies, i. 168. 4to. ed.)

CANNES, a sea-port town of France, on the Mediterranean, dép. Var, cap. cant., 25 m. E. Draguignan; lat. 43° 38′ 31" N., long. 7° 1' E. Pop. 3,997. It is situated on the declivity of a hill projecting into the sea; has a fine quay, an old Gothic castle, and an old church. Its port is neither deep nor commodious, and can only be used by fishing boats and small coasting vessels. Napoleon landed in the vicinity of Cannes on the 1st of March, 1815, on his memorable return from Elba. (Hugo, art. Var.)

CANOSA (an. Canusium), a town of Naples, prov. Terra-di-Bari, cap. cant., near the Ofanto, 15 m. S.W. Barletta. Pop. circa 4,000. The old city, said to have been founded by Diomed, or in a period antecedent to the records of Roman history, was in ancient times one of the most considerable cities in this part of Italy for extent, population, and magnificence in building. Its walls are said to have embraced a circuit of 16 m.; and various ruins still remain to attest its former grandeur. Among these are the remains of an aqueduct and of a vast amphitheatre, with tombs (of which a very singular one was discovered in 1813), columns, triumphal arches, &c. Great numbers of fictile vases of the best period | have been found here, surpassing in size and beauty those found in the tombs of any other ancient city, not excepting even Nola. The modern town occupies the site of the ancient citadel; and is said by Swinburne to be a "most pitiful remnant of so great a city." The ancient cathedral, built in the 6th century, still remains. Its altars and pavements are rich in marbles; and the

CANTELEU, a town of France, dép. Seine Inférieure, on the summit of hills which command the right bank of the Seine, at the entrance of the forest of Roumaris, 4 m. W. Rouen. Pop. 3,591. It commands a fine view of Rouen and the hills by which it is surrounded, the course

of the Seine as far as Elbeuf, the valley of Déville, and divine service; and now, for many years past, considerable vast meadows. funds have been annually devoted by the chapter to the CANTERBURY, a city, co., and bor., and the metro- restoration and improvement of this magnificent old politan see of England, co. Kent, in a fertile, well-culti-structure, which contains many interesting monumental vated valley, intersected by various branches of the Stour remains; amongst others, that of the Black Prince. The near the base of the N. Downs, 53 m. S. E. by E. Lon- diocese of Canterbury consists of the co. of Kent (with don, lat. 51° 18' N., long. 1° 53′ E. Pop. in 1821, 12,745; the exception of the city and deanery of Rochester, in 1831, 14,463. The town was originally enclosed by and of 8 other parishes, which last are in the London turreted walls (the remains of which still exist), and diocese,) and the parishes of Croydon and Addington, had 4 main streets branching from the centre, each ter- and district of Lambeth Palace, in the co. of Surrey. minating by a gateway, of which the W. only remains. The province comprises 20 other dioceses, and about The modern town consists of these and of 4 suburbs, 100 scattered parishes, called "peculiars :" its archbishop continued in the direction of each, that on the E. side is primate and metropolitan of all England, and takes being much the largest. The High Street, along which precedence of all great officers of state, and of all peers the main line of road from London to Dover passes, is of of the realm except those of the royal blood; he has considerable width, with well-built houses on either side, also the privilege of conferring degrees in divinity, and a handsome guildhall near the centre. The whole is law and physic. The revenues of the see amounted, at well paved, lighted by gas, and supplied with water; the an average of the three years ending with 1831, to Stour, which flows through it, divides and makes an 19,1827. a year. The succession is traced with tolerable island of its W. part. There are 11 parish churches, but regularity from St. Augustine, A. D. 597. Cardinal Pole except that of All Saints (a plain modern structure in was the 70th and the last archbishop under the Catholic the high street), they are generally small and insignificant system; and Dr. Howley, the present metropolitan, is in external appearance. Within these few years they the 91st. The site of the ancient palace, near the cathehave generally undergone extensive repairs; the interiors dral precincts, is occupied by modern buildings, leased to have been renovated, and they contain several handsome private individuals; the present archiepiscopal residence monuments and tablets. The cathedral is a noble pile, being at Lambeth. There are several dissenting chapels and forms a conspicuous object from whatever part of in the town, and a Jewish synagogue. A grammar school the city it may be viewed. The approach to it from the founded by Henry VIII. is in the patronage of the dean street was formerly disfigured by a row of low, mean and chapter: there are 2 masters, and 50 king's scholars. buildings. These have been removed, and a very fine The other public structures are a sessions-house, theatre, view of nearly the whole S. front is now obtained. It assembly-rooms, philosophic institution (with library, stands on the site of the cathedral anciently founded by museum, and lecture-room), and the subscription wells, St. Augustine, in connection with the monastery of Christ whose mineral waters were discovered in the latter part Church, established by Ethelbert, king of Kent, on his of the 17th century, and were for some time in great reconversion to Christianity, by St. Augustine, in 597. pute, but have since been comparatively neglected; oue The oldest part of the present structure dates from 1184: spring is a pure chalybeate, the other impregnated with the nave, cloister, and chapter-house, are two centuries sulphur. The city generally has of late years undergone later, during the best period of the pointed ecclesiastical considerable improvement; the Donjon-field, and a large style, the interior is very fine, and the styles of different artificial mound in it, is laid out in public walks, and ages skilfully adapted to each other; the choir is the forms a pleasant promenade. There is little or no trade most spacious in the kingdom, and the great stained carried on except what is required for the supply of the window accounted one of the finest. The structure is of town and its immediate vicinity. The silk trade, origithe usual cruciform shape, with a semi-circular E. end, nally established by Flemish and French refugees (to and is 513 ft. in length inside, the central tower being whom Elizabeth granted the under croft of the cathedral 235 ft. in height; under the whole is an old crypt or for public worship), and that of silk and cotton, subunder croft. The ancient celebrity of this cathedral is sequently introduced, have ceased: but there is a conpartly attributable to its being associated with the first siderable traffic in hops and agricultural produce, large establishment of Christianity in England, but more quantities of which are sent from it to London; the busiespecially to the murder of its famous archbishop, ness caused by its being one of the chief thoroughfares Thomas à-Becket, at the foot of one of its altars, in 1171. to the Continent is also tolerably extensive. The Stour Becket having been canonised, his bones were, in 1220, is navigable from Sandwich as far as Fordwich, for removed, with great pomp and expense, from the under lighters; and by its means, much of the heavier mercroft, where they had previously been deposited, to the chandise, such as coals, timber, &c., formerly reached Trinity Chapel, built for the purpose. The anniversary the city; but a railway for goods and passengers beof the day on which they were removed, was cele- tween it and Whitstable, opened in 1830, has drawn the brated as a great festival down to the Reformation; entire traffic to that line of communication. There are and devotees, not only from every part of England, but four market-places for the sale of meat, and poultry, of Europe, made pilgrimages to the shrine of the saint, fish, cattle, corn, and hops: there is a daily supply of to the enrichment both of the establishment and of the provisions, but the chief markets are held, one on city generally.* A supposed pilgrimage of this sort, Saturday, and another, for fat stock, every alternate such as was then usual, was made the medium of a lively Tuesday: there is also an annual statute fair, which description of the characters and customs of his day by begins October 10., and lasts 10 or 12 days, but little the earliest of our great poets; and has been rendered business of importance is transacted at it. Canterbury familiar to most of our readers by the excellent engrav- has long been noted for brawn, which forms an article ing of Stothard's "Canterbury Pilgrimage," in which of some importance in the trade of the place, and is sent the characters described by Chaucer are admirably repre- to various parts of the kingdom. The hop-grounds of sented. Erasmus, who saw the fane in undiminished splen- the vicinity afford employment to a large proportion of dour a short time previously to its annihilation, gives a the labouring population of both sexes. vivid account of its wealth and magnificence. In 1536, however, all high festivals occurring between July and September (which included the chief festival at Canterbury) were forbidden, on the ground of their taking people from the necessary labours of harvest. But this was merely a prelude to more energetic measures; and in the following year, Becket was thrust out of his place in the catalogue of saints, declared to have been a rebel, his bones being, at the same time burnt and scattered, and the treasury of his shrine appropriated to secular purposes. Subsequently to this vigorous and salutary exercise of the prerogative, the present collegiate establishment was ordained, consisting of a dean, 12 canons, 6 preachers, 6 minor canons, and other subordinates; 3 of the prebendaries being in the gift of the archbishop, the rest in that of the crown. In 1643, considerable injury was done to the cathedral in consequence of a parliamentary order to purify it, and subsequently the nave was converted into temporary barracks for Cromwell's troops. On the Restoration, the choir was refitted for

This city, which is a county of itself, contains within the walls 14 parishes, besides ancient monastic precincts. Before the passing of the Municipal Act the city magistrates had no jurisdiction over these precincts, but they are all now under the authority of the civic powers, with the exception of the ville of Christchurch, in which the city and county magistrates have concurrent jurisdiction. The city boundaries having been by the same parliamentary enactment greatly extended, several parishes without the walls are now jointly under the city and county authority.

Canterbury has sent 2 m. to the H. of C. from the 23 Edward I.: the right of voting being, previously to the Reform Act, in the resident and non-resident freemen; the freedom of the town being acquired by birth, marriage, apprenticeship, purchase, and gift. The present parl. bor. includes, besides the above par., parts of those of three others, and the bor. of Longport; and had, in 1831, a pop. of 16,112. No. of 10. houses not exactly known, but probably exceeding 1,000. Registered electors, in 1837-38, 1,835. The municipal limits comprise only the city and immediate suburbs, excluding several hundred acres of the agricultural part of the parl. bor. It is divided into three wards, and is governed by a recorder, mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 counsellors. This city is of great antiquity, as is proved by the notice of it in the itinerary of Antoninus, and by many Roman remains. A staple of wool was granted by Edward III.; but its chief importance previously to the

Reformation was derived from its numerous religious | from the authorities. There are 13 hongs, or factories, establishments, and the influx of pilgrims of all ranks and conditions. It was also the most frequented thoroughfare to the Continent, and is noticed as such in the charter granted by Henry IV., where it is called," a city near the sea, and as it were a port and entrance by which foreigners come to the kingdom." During the last war, a large body of military were usually stationed here, for whose reception there are three sets of cavalry and infantry barracks. The outer walls of a castle of the Norman period still exist. (Illustr. Views of Metrop. Church of Canterbury, and Hist. Descr. 4to. 1636; Canterbury Guide, &c.)

including the British, Dutch, American, French, Aus
trian, Swedish, Danish, Parsee, &c. They are amongst
the handsomest buildings in the city, and usually consist
of 3, 4, or more brick or granite buildings surrounding a
kind of close or court: two tolerable European hotels
occupy portions of two of them. The English hong far
surpasses the rest for elegance and extent; this, the Dutch,
and the American hongs, are the only ones which have
their national flags flying; the British flag, which had been
hauled down at the expiration of the E. I.Company's char-
ter, was again raised in April 1837. (Fanqui in China, i.
240.) Contiguous to the hongs are three noted thorough-
fares, Old and New China streets, and Hog Lane. The
first two are amongst the best streets in the suburbs, rather
wider than the generality of the public ways, pretty regu-
larly paved, and lined with shops, in which a considerable
amount of business is sometimes transacted.
The filthy
street, or alley, appropriately named Hog Lane, has an in-
famous notoriety as being the place where foreign seamen
are intoxicated, robbed, and maltreated, and where, owing
in a great measure to their imprudence, most of the dis-
turbances have arisen which have led to serious disputes
between the Chinese government and the foreign traders.
Except in those devoted to the European trade, most of
the shops open to the streets, and the most valuable
kinds of wares are exposed, apparently without any pro-
tection from theft: but the sharp eye kept by the dealers,
the gates at the end of the streets, which may be shut in
an instant, and a most vigilant police, commonly prevent
any frauds. Burglaries are rare, but loss by fire is fre-
quent; to avert which, in the winter months, an addi-
tional body of watchmen occupy watch-towers erected on
bamboo poles high above the roofs of the houses, and an
alarm, given by bells or other means, quickly spreads
through the city. The Chinese have very generally
adopted the use of our engines, which they occasionally
manufacture sufficiently well to answer the purpose; but
Mr. Davis says, that the foolish notion of fatalism which
prevails among the people makes them singularly careless
as regards fire. In 1822 a fire broke out, which destroyed
the British factory and above 10,000 other bouses. The
loss of the E. I. Company on this occasion was estimated
at 500,0007. sterling, 3-5ths in woollens. Canton is sub-
ject to inundations, which carry away many mud hovels,
and frequently fill the lower apartments in the hongs to
the height of several feet. The city is tolerably well sup-
plied with water by several reservoirs, many wells, the
canals, &c., and some fine springs on its N. side, both
within and without the walls."

CANTON (called by the Chinese Sang-Ching, the provincial city), a marit. city of China, on its S. coast, cap. prov. Quang-tong, and residence of the provincial authorities; the principal emporium of the East, and the only port in China at which any Europeans are established. It stands on the N. bank of the Choo-kiang, or Pearl River, and the E. bank of its affluent, the Pe-kiang, 60 m. N.N.W. the Chinese Sea, and 1,200 m. S. by W. Pekin. Lat. 23° 7' 10" N., long. 113° 14' 30" E. It is nearly square, about 6 m. in circ., built generally upon level ground, except on its N. side, and is divided into two unequal parts, the outer, or Chinese, and the inner, or Mantchou (Tartar) city, which are surrounded by one wall, and separated by another. The walls are partly of sandstone and partly of brick, about 20 or 25 ft. thick, and from 25 to 40 ft. high. A line of battlements, with embrasures at intervals of a few feet, raised on the top of the walls all round, are in some places mounted with cannon. The city is farther defended by three forts on the land side, and two on Pearl River; but as a place of strength Canton is insignificant. The outer walls are pierced with 12 gates, and 4 others lead through the inner wall from the old to the new city; all of these are daily opened at dawn, and shut at an early hour of the evening, and strictly guarded, to prevent the exit or entrance of any one, except upon special occasions. The suburbs are, perhaps, as extensive and populous as the city itself. They fill up the space between the walls and the water's edge on both rivers; those on the W. side are much the largest. The city and suburbs are laid out in a precisely similar manner. Streets numerous, and generally short and crooked, though sometimes of considerable length. They vary in width from about 2 to 16 ft., but are commonly from 6 to 8 ft. wide, paved with little round stones, and flagged, close to the houses, with larger ones, chiefly of granite. Each is closed by strong gates, secured and guarded at night; and streets of business are each A large part of the pop. of Canton resides on the devoted to one distinct branch of trade. Several canals, water. For 4 or 5 m. opposite the city, and both above used for the conveyance of passengers and goods, intersect and below it, the river is crowded with vessels and rafts the city and suburbs. Two of the largest run along the of all descriptions and sizes. Every one is registered, outside of the E. and W. walls, and communicate by a and the whole number in the neighbourhood of the city third, which passes through the new city. Several is reported to amount to 84,000! (Chinese Rep.) Many smaller ones branch off from these on either side: they of these, called egg-boats, which are no more than 12 are crossed in many places by stone bridges. Houses built or 15 ft. long, about 6 ft. broad, and covered with a chiefly of brick; but mud, stone, and wood, are also used low bamboo shed, not only accommodate whole famiin their construction, and many of the habitations in lies, but contain coops in which large broods of ducks the old city are said to be composed entirely of the for- and chickens are reared. Others are immense rafts of mer material. Near the river they are raised on wooden timber on which many individuals live. Some of the piles, and elsewhere are generally erected on solid foun-floating-houses are, however, handsome residences; their dations. Scarcely any are more than one story in height; hull is large and broad, and the building in the centre the roofs of many are flat, and being surrounded with a is surrounded by a spacious wooden terrace, and supbreast-work, they form terraces frequented by the family ports another on its roof, both of which are ornamented in the cool of the evening. The floors are usually com- with flowers, evergreens, &c. The narrow channel left posed of indurated mud, marble, or other flagstones, or between the stationary shipping and the shore is so intiles joined by cement. Windows small, the place of cessantly thronged with barges, and craft of all kinds as glass being supplied by paper, mica, thin shell, &c. Very to render landing or embarkation usually a difficult unlittle iron is used. The better sort of residences are dertaking. Upwards of 120 different temples are enubuilt within a court, surrounded by a wall, 12 or 14 ft. merated in and adjacent to the city, and this does not inhigh, and the interior of those of the opulent Chinese are include the whole number. The principal is the Budin general very richly furnished. The houses of the dhist temple on the island of Honan, in the river opposite middle orders, in which about 1-3d part of the popula- Canton. Its buildings are numerous, and chiefly of tion reside, have no court, nor any superabundant room; brick; it covers, with its courts and gardens, 6 or 8 acres, those of the lower orders, which are very numerous along which are surrounded by a lofty wall. The stillness the banks of the canals, in the N. part of the old city, and which reigns within this barrier forms a striking conin the extreme parts of the suburbs, are wretched mud trast to the turmoil which prevails without. The pathhovels, in which 6, 8, 10, or sometimes even double that way to the great central temple leads through two wide number of individuals, are crowded into one low, dark, court-yards laid out with gravel walks, and planted with and dirty apartment. The foreign factories, or hongs, rows of trees; in the gateway separating these courts as the Chinese call them, are situated in the S. W. sub- are two fierce-looking colossal figures, seated on huge urb, where they extend from E. to W. for about 14 fur- pedestals of granite. The principal hall is about 80 ft. long. They occupy a muddy flat, which has been gained sq.; its walls are hung with crimson tapestry, tablets, from the Choo-kiang river, which they face, being sepa- &c., and its roof is ornamented with grotesque paintings rated from it by a quay about 100 yds. wide. This space, and figures in relief; in the centre of the hall are three which is considered as belonging to the European mer- enormous, heavy, gilded figures representing the "Past, chants, is railed in, and forms a promenade, called Present, and Future," before which incense is contiRespondentia Walk. Near it is another small open nually burning. In various other halls there are shrines space, about 50 or 60 yds. sq., walled in, and laid out of interior deities, and the remainder of the building is as a garden, with gravel walks, flower-beds, &c. These occupied chiefly by the dwellings and offices of the narrow limits bound all the territory assigned to fo- priests, of whom there are nearly 200. There are two reigners within the Celestial empire: even the quay other considerable Buddhist temples in the N.W. part and enclosure were not obtained without considerable of the old city, one of which, founded about A. D. 250, has difficulty, and the European merchants cannot erect a about 200 inmates, and 3,500 acres of landed property. In few steps on the water's edge without express permission the old city there is also a Mohammedan mosque, with a