ance of the nutritive functions of the body condition: our meals, our air, our exercise, which in its essence is health; in other our in-door and out-door habits are all unwords, preserving the condition of the body. sound; we prefer that they should be unThe healthy condition implies an exact equi- sound; the necessities of our life, of our popoise of the fluids and the solids, of the mus- sition, require that they should be unsound. cular and the fatty tissues, of the waste and How grand, therefore, the boon that will corthe supply. This state of the body is nor- rect these evils without the necessity for mally preserved by a proportioned amount making any inconvenient alteration in our of air, exercise or labor, and food; but even habits! the air, the exercise, the labor, and the food must be apportioned, in its kind and in its order, to the peculiar constitution of the individual. Those who have ever had occasion to reflect on this subject, must have felt the difficulties which surround it, and have been aware how extremely difficult it is to say what may be faulty in our mode of using these necessaries of our existence. If I were asked to select an example, as a standard of the just equipoise of these conditions, I should take the ploughman; intellect at the standard of day-to-day existence, moderate food, vigorous but not over-strained labor, plenty of air, and plentiful exposure. But who would care to accept existence on such terms as these? Give us brain, give us mind, however ungovernable, however preponderant its overweight to the physical powers, however destructive to the powers of the body. In a word, we select a morbid

"THAT BOON IS THE BATH. The bath promotes those changes in the blood for which fresh air is otherwise needful. The bath gives us appetite, and strengthens digestion. The bath serves us in lieu of exercise. The people who use it,' writes Mr. Urquhart, do not require exercise for health, and can pass from the extreme of indolence to that of toil.' How glorious a panacea for those home-loving matrons whom no inducement can draw forth from their Lares and Penates, to enjoy a daily wholesome exercise, and who, as a consequence, become large, and full, and fat, and bilious, and wheezy; and who, in their breach of Heaven's law, lay the foundation of heart disease. 'A nation without the bath is deprived of a large portion of the health and inoffensive enjoyment within man's reach; it therefore increases the value of a people to itself, and its power as a nation over other people.'”

"WHERE is Shebbeare? Oh, let not foul re- tum in se fuit, non permisit regem regnare;

proach,

Travelling thither in a city-coach

The pillory dare to name; the whole intent
Of that parade was fame, not punishment,
And that old, staunch Whig, Beardmore,
standing by,

Can, in full court, give that report the lie." Churchill, The Author, 1, 301. Shebbeare was sentenced to stand one hour in the pillory at Charing Cross. Beardmore, then under-sheriff took him there in one of the city coaches, and allowed him to stand on "the wood," his head and hands not being put through, with a servant in livery holding an umbrella over him. At the end of the hour Beardmore took him back. For this, on the motion of the attorney-general, the Court of King's Bench issued an attachment against Beardmore. The whole court were indignant at the sentence not being fully executed, and Mr. Justice Wilmot cited a case from the year-books in which large damages were recovered against a defendant for beating his adversary's attorney, and the reason assigned was, "Quia the defendant, quan

ana,

added his lordship, "it may, with at least as much propriety, be said of this under-sheriff in the present instance, that, quantum in se fuit, non permisit regem regnare." Beardmore was sentenced to two months' imprisonment in the Marshalsea, and fined fifty pounds. (R. v. Beardmore, 2 Burr. 792.)-Notes and Queries.

"WE," observes our Paris contemporary, the Cosmos, "have the pleasure of announcing, as almost certain, the discovery made by M. Hermann Goldschmidt, of a ninth satellite to the planet Saturn, situated between Hyperion, the seventh satellite observed by M. Lassel, and Japhet. We could give the numbers which express the distance of the new satellite from Saturn, and its mean diurnal motion, but prefer waiting till the measures are verified. Since the 10th of this month, M. Goldschmidt has not lost sight of his brilliant conquest, and he will follow it step by step until it attains its greatest elongation. It will probably be named Chiron, the last son of Saturn.

GARIBALDI.

bardy, Tessino, in order to deal a fresh blow THE fourth number of Rodenberg's at the enemy. And all this took place over Deutsches Magazin contains an article by the corpse of his wife, who had succumbed Alexander Herzen, from which we borrow to the fatigues and terror of such a camthis interesting extract: "I became more paign! So early as 1854, his views varied intimately acquainted with Garibaldi at Lon- from those of Mazzini, although they redon in 1854, when he returned from South mained good friends. He told Mazzini in America as captain of a vessel then lying in my presence, that it would not be well to the West India Docks. I went to visit him offend the Piedmontese Government: the with one of his former comrades in the Ital- main object now was to shake off the Ausian war and with Orsini. In his thick light-trian yoke; and he doubted greatly whether colored overcoat, his colored handkerchief Italy were so ripe for an United Republic as round his neck, and his cap, he seemed to Mazzini thought. He was decidedly averse me more a perfect seaman than the leader from any attempt at a revolution. When of a Roman army, whose statuette, fantas- he sailed from London to Newcastle to take tically attired, was at that day sold all over in coals from the Mediterranean ports, I the globe. The good-humored simplicity told him that his seaman's life pleased me of his behavior, the absence of all preten- extraordinarily, and that he had chosen the tiousness, and the unmistakable kindness better part among all the refugees. And of heart with which he received us, soon who prevents others from doing the same?' gained him my liking. His crew was com- he said, warmly; it was always my darling posed chiefly of Italians. He was the head dream,-you may laugh at it or not,—and I and commander, and a stern commander in still cherish it. The people in America the bargain,—of that I am convinced, and know me. I could have had there three or yet he was beloved and venerated by all, for four ships under my command, and taken they were proud of their captain. He gave on board the whole of the emigrants,—the us breakfast in his cabin, consisting of some sailors, the officers, the laborers would all peculiarly prepared South-American oysters, have been refugees. I ask you, what is to dried fruits and port. All at once he sprang be done now in Europe ? A man must either up, exclaiming, Stay; I must drink an- be a slave, or let himself be ruined, or live other wine with you,'-ran up the compan- peaceably in England. Settling in America ion, and presently a sailor brought in a is even worse: for in that case all is over: bottle. What might not be expected from that is a land in which a man forgets his a man who had just come from the other native country; he acquires a new home side of the ocean? It was, however, noth- and different interests. Men who settle in ing more than Belette, a country wine of America part eternally from our empire. Nice, Garibaldi's home, which he had What could be better than my plan? (And brought back from Monte Video. I felt, here his face glowed.) The whole emigrathrough our simple, social converse, that I tion assembled round a few masts, and travwas in the presence of an extraordinarily powersing the ocean, hardened by a rough sailerful nature. Without employing phrases or commonplaces, he displayed himself perfectly as the popular leader who had astounded even old soldiers by his bravery, and it was easy to recognize in this simple ship-captain, the wounded lion who, after the fall of Rome, retired only step by step, and when he had lost his comrades, called together soldiers, peasants, robbers, any one he could find in San Marino, Ravenna, Lom- |

or's life in a struggle with the elements and danger-that would be a floating emigration, unapproachable and independent, and ever ready to land on any shores.' At this moment he appeared to me like one of the classic heroes, a figure from the Æneid, who, had he lived in a different age, would have had his legend and his 'Arma virumque cano.'"

No. 889.-15 June, 1861.

CONTENTS.

1. The Pearls and Mock-Pearls of History,

2. An Only Son. Part 4,

3. Dr. John Brown's Hora Subseciva,

4. Civil War in America,

5. Law of the American Seas,

6. Aspects of American Affairs,

699

Once a Week,

701

7. Relations of England and Englishmen to America, Economist, 8. America-Italy-Austria,

POETRY.-Army Hymn, 642. My Holiday, 642. The Volunteer to his Tooth-Brush, 642. Queen Elizabeth's Verses, written while Prisoner at Woodstock, 668.

SHORT ARTICLES. Sea-Weed as a Non-Conductor, 685. City and Suburb, 694. Russians on the Amur, 704.

PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY BY

LITTELL, SON, & CO., BOSTON.

For Six Dollars a year, in advance, rémitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually forwarded free of postage.

Complete sets of the First Series, in thirty-six volumes, and of the Second Series, in twenty volumes, handsomely bound, packed in neat boxes, and delivered in all the principal cities, free of expense of freight, are for sale at two dollars a volume.

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ANY NUMBER may be had for 13 cents; and it is well worth while for subscribers or purchasers to complete any broken volumes they may have, and thus greatly enhance their value.

MY HOLIDAY.-THE VOLUNTEER TO HIS TOOTH-BRUSH.

From The Quarterly Review. speculating a little on the prevalent fond1. L'Esprit des Auteurs, recueilli et raconté, ness for delusion, he concludes: "Yet howpar Edouard Fournier. Troisième Ed-soever these things are in men's depraved ition. Paris, 1857. judgments and affections, yet Truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth that the inquiry of truth, which is the love-making or wooing of it, and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of human nature."

2. L'Esprit dans l'Histoire. Recherches et
Curiosités sur les Mots Historiques. Par
Edouard Fournier. Deuxième Edition.
Paris, 1860.

MANY years before "aerated bread" was heard of, a company was formed at Pimlico This last emphatic sentence should be for utilizing the moisture which evaporates kept constantly in mind during the perusal in the process of baking, by distilling spirit of the books named at the head of this arfrom it instead of letting it go to waste. ticle. The object of the first, "L'Esprit des Adroitly availing himself of the popular suspicion that the company's loaves must be Auteurs," is the unsparing exposure of litunduly deprived of alcohol, a ready-witted erary plagiarism in France. In the second, baker put up a placard inscribed" Bread "L'Esprit dans l'Histoire," the learned and with the Gin in it," and customers rushed ingenious author gallantly undertakes to investigate the title of the leading characters to him in crowds. We strongly suspect in French history to the wisest and wittiest that any over-scrupulous writer who should present history without its pleasant illu-sayings, and some of the noblest doings, recorded of them. Kings, generals, and statesmen, are all thrown into the crucible, and them (what Dryden said of Shakspeare) that, in many instances we are unable to say of burn him down as you would, there would always be precious metal at the bottom of the melting-pot. Not a few subside into a mere caput mortuum, or emerge "poor shrunken things," with no future hold on posterity beyond what long-indulged error the value of the genuine gem is ineffably may maintain for them. On the other hand, enhanced by the detection of the counter

sions, would find himself in the condition of

the projectors who foolishly expected an enlightened public to dispense (as they thought) with an intoxicating ingredient in their bread.

"Pol, me occidistis, amici! Non servastis, ait, cui sic extorta voluptas Et demptus per vim mentis gratissimus error."

66

"A mixture of lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt that if there were taken from men's minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, imaginations as one would,

and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, and admire the real heroes and heroines in feit; and there is more room to walk about full of melancholy and indisposition, and the Pantheon or Walhalla when the pretenunpleasing to themselves?" So says Lord ders are dismissed. At the same time, we Bacon; and few aphorisms in prose or verse are more popular than Gray's "Where ig- which M. Fournier's disclosures have been cannot help wondering at the favor with norance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise." The received by his countrymen; and we might poet may have been true to his vocation be disposed to admire rather than to emuwhen he rhymed, rather than reasoned, in late his courage, if analogous results were this fashion; but the philosopher would have been lamentably untrue to his, had he ination of the recorded or traditional claims likely to ensue from an equally rigid examseriously propounded a doctrine which any of Englishmen. But, in the first place, looseness of interpretation could convert or there is good reason to believe that he carpervert into an argument against truth, ries scepticism to an undue extent, and inknowledge, or intelligence. Fortunately, sists on an amount of proof which, by the the context shows that he was speaking of what is, not of what ought to be, and was In the second place, our English habit of nature of things is commonly unattainable. no more prepared to contend that credulity fully and freely canvassing assumed or asand falsehood are legitimate or lasting serted merit at its rise, and of immolating sources of mental gratification, than that instead of pampering our national vanity, if the largest amount of physical enjoyment (as in the case of the Crimean War) occamay be ensured by drunkenness. After sionally detrimental to our credit and influ