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accusandum non fuisse, nisi prius de causa iudicasset, iniquam legem, iudices, et miseram condicionem instituet periculis hominum, si existimabitur iudicium accusatoris in reum pro aliquo praeiudicio valere oportere.

XXIX. ego tuum consilium, Cato, propter singulare animi mei de tua virtute iudicium, vituperare nolo: nonnulla forsitan conformare et leviter emendare possim. non multa peccas, inquit ille fortissimo viro senior magister, sed peccas; te regere possum. at ego verissime dixerim peccare te nihil neque ulla in re te esse huius modi, ut corrigendus potius quam leviter inflectendus esse videare. finxit enim te ipsa natura ad honestatem, gravitatem, temperantiam, magnitudinem animi, iustitiam, ad omnes denique virtutes [magnum hominem et excelsum]. accessit his doctrina non moderata nec mitis, sed, ut mihi videtur, paulo asperior et durior, quam 61 veritas aut natura patitur. et quoniam non est nobis haec

gratia neque perfringi potentia neque adulterari pecunia possit.

60. de causa] on the merits of the case.'

legem...condicionem] 'rule'... 'principle.' So pro Caec. § 40. cf. also pro Flacco § 24, pro Cluent. § 150. Yet Cicero employs this very line of argument in pro Sulla § 85, as H. well points out.

pro aliquo praeiudicio] 'as a sort of recorded verdict.'

xxix. nolo] Boot's brilliant conjecture. The MSS. have a lacuna here, except one inferior one, which reads non audeo.

conformare] bring into the right shape.' H., and so Freund: better Madv. on de Fin. 1v. § 5, qua mores conformari putantur, says Ethica mores constituit et quales esse debeant quaerit et praecipit, hoc est, conformat. Give you some rule to fashion yourself by.'

magister] Phoenix [or Chiron] to Achilles. Quint. VIII. vi. 29, 30 in speaking of antonomasia, quae aliquid pro nomine ponit, quotes this passage, adding neutrum enim nomen est positum et utrumque intelligitur.

inquit] 'says in the play.' A quotation from some old drama, peccas...regere] The quotation is wittily chosen, embodying some cant terms of the Stoics. rectum= κатóρowμа, cf. on § 3. peccatum= ȧμáprηua, cf. on § 62.

corrigendus] to require 'settingstraight.' A strong word, cf. de Fin. 1. § 17. [in Phil. II. § 43, pro Balbo § 20, Hor. Epp. 1. 15. 37, corrector is particularly invidious.]

inflectendus] a much milder word. Z. well cf. de Divin. 1. § 30, leviter a summo inflexum bacillum, 'with a slight bend.'

finxit] so de Orat. II. § 219, natura enim fingit homines et creat imitatores.

ad] 'for,' 'with a view to,' moral worth etc. It goes with magnum etc., cf. § 66.

doctrina] the teaching of a school. 'A set of tenets.' 'The creed of a sect.'

veritas] the 'realities of life,' natura, 'the feelings innate in us.' The passage in de Fin. IV. § 55 should be compared with this, cf. also § 65 inf.

oratio habenda apud imperitam multitudinem aut in aliquo conventu agrestium, audacius paulo de studiis humanitatis, quae et mihi et vobis nota et iucunda sunt, disputabo. in M. Catone, iudices, haec bona, quae videmus divina et egregia, ipsius scitote esse propria: quae nonnumquam requirimus, ea sunt omnia non a natura, verum a magistro. fuit enim quidam summo ingenio vir, Zeno, cuius inventorum aemuli Stoici nominantur. huius sententiae sunt et praecepta huius modi: sapientem gratia numquam moveri, numquam cuiusquam de

aut] not et, as the comparison durior...quam has the force of a negative. T. cf. § 78, where quisquam is used for the same reason. H.

61. apud imperitam multitudinem] This is merely a flourish ad benevolentiam captandam, he says just the opposite in de Fin. IV. § 74, omnia peccata paria dicitis. non ego tecum (addressed to Cato) iam ita iocabor, ut isdem his de rebus, cum L. Murenam te accusante defenderem: apud imperitos tum illa dicta sunt. Plut. Cat. min. 21 tells us that when Cicero delivered this volley of ridicule against the Stoics and in particular against their paradoxes, Cato smiled and said 'what a witty consul we have.' Cicero afterwards wrote his six papers called rapádoğa by way of commending the morality of the Stoics to his countrymen.

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humanitatis] education, especially of a higher kind, cultivation,': Taideia. In Cicero's time it is often used thus, cf. de Or. 1. §§ 35, 71, II. S$ 40, 72, pro Arch. §§ 2, 3, etc.; but Gellius XIII. 17 (16) notices the disuse of this sense in his time and illustrates it from Varro. We have still the phrase 'professor of Humanity' in Scotland, and a school of Litterae Humaniores at Oxford. studiis with gen., cf. § 2.

requirimus]= desideramus, 'miss.' The use here is strange, and the true explanation is this. We miss compassion as an element in his character, i. e. we think him hard-hearted: but he is not so by nature, it is his

master's teaching that has made him so. H. paraphrases we would fain see otherwise.' cf. Quint. XI. i. 70.

Zeno of Kition in the isle of Cyprus, a Greek station with some admixture of Phoenician blood in the population. He taught at Athens during the 4th century B. C. in the frescoed Porch (πоKiλn σтоà), from which his school as well as himself got the name of Στωϊκοί or οἱ ἀπὸ TS OTOâs. He passed into a proverb, τοῦ φιλοσόφου Ζήνωνος ἐγκρατέστε pos. He was succeeded by Kleanthes and Kleanthes by Chrysippus. cf. Ritter and Preller §§ 391-393.

inventorum] Z. cf. de Or. 1. § 84, nisi qui philosophorum inventa didi

cisset.

aemuli] 'students,' 'followers.' cf. pro Marcello § 2, de invent. I. § 43, Liv. 1. 18, Tac. H. III. 81. probably an adaptation from Gk. λoûr, ζηλωτής.

sententiae] 'positions,' 'dogmas.' praecepta, teaching.' He does not here deal with the fundamental principles of the Stoic school, but with their 'dark sayings,' rà πаράδοξα καλούμενα δόγματα, Plut. Cat. min. 21. Cicero renders παράδοξα by admirabilia in de Fin. IV. § 74. The Greek of Diogenes Laertius will be compared in the case of the several positions. Diog. L. book

VII.

sapientem] the ideal Stoic wise man, opposed to stultus, oopós, σπουδαῖος )( ἄφρων, φαῦλος. See Zeller, c. x.

sapientem... placari] λeńμovás Te

licto ignoscere; neminem misericordem esse nisi stultum et levem; viri non esse neque exorari neque placari; solos sapientes esse, si distortissimi sint, formosos, si mendicissimi, divites, si servitutem serviant, reges: nos autem, qui sapientes non sumus, fugitivos, exsules, hostes, insanos denique esse dicunt: omnia peccata esse paria, omne delictum scelus esse nefarium, nec minus delinquere eum, qui gallum gallinaceum, cum opus non fuerit, quam eum, qui patrem suffocaverit : sapientem nihil opinari, nullius rei paenitere, nulla in re falli, 62 sententiam mutare numquam. xxx. haec homo ingeniosissimus, M. Cato, auctoribus eruditissimis inductus arripuit, neque disputandi causa, ut magna pars, sed ita vivendi. petunt

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solos...dicunt] μόνον τε (τὸν σοφὸν) ἐλεύθερον, τοὺς δὲ φαύλους δούλους. οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐλευθέρους εἶναι τοὺς σοφούς, ἀλλὰ καὶ βασιλέας, τῆς βασιλείας οὔσης ἀρχῆς ἀνυπευθεύνου, ἥτις περὶ μόνους ἂν τοὺς σοφοὺς Orain. Freund adds Lucian's words, μόνος οὗτος σοφός, μόνος καλός, μόνος δίκαιος, ἀνδρεῖος, βασιλεύς, ῥήτωρ, πλούσιος, νομοθέτης καὶ τἄλλα ὁπόσα ἐστίν. cf. Cic. de Fin. IV. § 74, nam ex eisdem verborum praestigiis ei regna nata vobis sunt et imperia et divitiae, et tantae quidem, ut omnia quae ubique sint sapientis esse dicatis. solum praeterea formosum, solum liberum, solum civem; stultos omnia contraria, quos etiam insanos esse vultis, Acad. pr. II. §§ 136, 144. The titles of the Paradoxa, 5 ὅτι μόνος ὁ σοφὸς ἐλεύθερος, 6 ὅτι μόνος ὁ σοφὸς πλούσιος, 4 ὅτι πᾶς ἄφρων μαίνεται, shew how Cicero coquetted with Stoicism. [See also the banter of Horace, Epp. I. I. 106-108, Sat. I. 3. 124—142, II. 3. 40—46.]

servitutem serviant] cf. Gellius II. 18. 9, Diogenes etiam Cynicus servitutem servivit, the phrase is archaic, says Quint. VII. iii. 26. See Prof. Mayor's note on Cic. Phil. II. § 42, dicta dicere.

omnia...suffocaverit] ȧpéoкEL TE αὐτοῖς ἴσα ἡγεῖσθαι τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ...εἰ γὰρ ἀληθὲς ἀληθοῦς μᾶλλον οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ ψεύδος ψεύδους, οὕτως οὐδὲ ἀπάτη ἀπάτης, οὐδὲ ἁμάρτημα άuаpтýμатоs. cf. de Fin. IV. § 74, Parad. 3 ὅτι ἴσα τὰ ἁμαρτήματα καὶ тà катоρйúμаra. Hor. Sat. I. 3. 76

-124.

opinari] emphatic. Never 'fancies' or 'supposes' anything. ET TE μn δοξάσειν τὸν σοφόν· τουτέστι ψευδεῖ μὴ συγκαταθήσεσθαι μηδενί. He alone possesses true knowledge. cf. on opinione § 78.

xxx. 62. auctoribus] the ablative of the means, as the person stands for the thing implied, here for the auctoritas of his teachers. Madv.

§ 254 obs. 3. cf. pro Mil. § 47,

iacent suis testibus = his testimoniis just above, Ar. Rhet. I. xv. 21, ὁποῖοι γὰρ ἄν τινες ὦσιν οἱ ἐπιγεγραμμένοι ἢ φυλάττοντες, τούτοις αἱ συνθῆκαι πισταί εἰσιν.

arripuit] eagerly caught up, i. e., he was over-hasty. cf. § 13, Cat. mai. § 26, Corn. Nepos. Cato iii. 2. So inductus with glance at sense of 'misled,'' taken in.'

disputandi] theorizing.' vivendi, for a rule of life.

ut magna pars] cf. the remarks on Helvidius Priscus, Tac. H. IV. 5. petunt etc.] here a number of cases are put, in which the Stoic

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aliquid publicani: 'cave quidquam habeat momenti gratia.' supplices aliqui veniunt miseri et calamitosi: sceleratus et nefarius fueris, si quidquam misericordia adductus feceris.' fatetur aliquis se peccasse et eius delicti veniam petit: 'nefarium est facinus ignoscere.' at leve delictum est: 'omnia peccata sunt paria.' dixisti quippiam : 'fixum et statutum est.' non re ductus es, sed opinione: 'sapiens nihil opinatur.' errasti aliqua in re : maledici putat. hac ex disciplina nobis illa sunt dixi in senatu me nomen consularis candidati delaturum.' iratus dixisti. 'numquam' inquit 'sapiens irascitur.' at temporis causa. 'improbi' inquit hominis est mendacio fallere, mutare sententiam turpe est, exorari scelus, misereri flagitium.' nostri autem illi-fatebor enim, Cato, me 63 quoque in adulescentia diffisum ingenio meo quaesisse adiumenta doctrinae, nostri, inquam, illi a Platone et Aristotele, moderati homines et temperati, aiunt apud sapientem valere aliquando gratiam: viri boni esse misereri, distincta genera

rules break down. The conversational form of parallel sentences is employed to throw into stronger relief the inapplicability of each dogma. cf. Madv. § 442 a obs. 2. the reply in each case is delivered in the character of Cato.

publicani] When they had tendered too high a price for the revenues, they sometimes petitioned the senate for a remissio mercedum or ut induceretur locatio. A case occurred in B.C. 61, and Cato acted just as Cicero describes here. cf. de Off. III. § 88, ad Att. I. 17. 9, 18. 7, Suet. Jul. 20.

supplices] 'in suppliant guise,' for aliqui (adj.) goes with miseri et calamitosi (subst.). H. Some provincials are probably meant.

at] 'why,' you urge, 'it is but an insignificant short-coming.'

dixisti quippiam] 'you have dropped some casual remark, perhaps.' But see Appendix C.

opinione] cf. Acad. pr. 11. § 66, and note inf. § 78.

nobis] dat. ethicus. cf. §§ 13, 21, 74. 'It is to this Stoic training that

we owe such arguments as.' dixi, I said, and fixum et statutum est.

temporis causa] either dixisti, 'you said it to serve the turn of the moment,' or with H. ne nomen detuleris, 'do not do it just now, at such a crisis.'

63. nostri illi] sc. magistri. Cicero's teachers, particularly Antiochus of Askalon, a free adherent of the New Academy.

diffisum] not diffidentem. cf. Madv. § 431 b.

adiumenta] the support that education gives. doctrinae, very like the studia humanitatis of § 61 in sense. For genitive cf. on §§ 1, 56.

a Platone] imitating the Gk. oi ȧrò IIάrwvos etc., usually with esse, as de Fin. IV. § 7, Zeno et ab eo qui sunt. T.

Plato founder of the Academic school, Aristotle of the Peripatetic. moderati et temperati] of no violent or extreme views.

et] and hence there is a corresponding difference in [the appropriate] punishments.

esse delictorum et dispares poenas, esse apud hominem constantem ignoscendi locum, ipsum sapientem saepe aliquid opinari [quod nesciat], irasci nonnumquam, exorari eundem et placari, quod dixerit interdum, si ita rectius sit, mutare, de sententia decedere aliquando: omnes virtutes mediocritate 64 quadam esse moderatas. XXXI. hos ad magistros si qua te fortuna, Cato, cum ista natura detulisset, non tu quidem vir melior esses nec fortior nec temperatior nec iustior-neque enim esse potes-, sed paulo ad lenitatem propensior. non accusares nullis adductus inimicitiis, nulla lacessitus iniuria, pudentissimum hominem, summa dignitate atque honestate praeditum; putares, cum in eiusdem anni custodia te atque L. Murenam fortuna posuisset, aliquo te cum hoc rei publicae vinculo esse coniunctum : quod atrociter in senatu dixisti, aut non dixisses aut seposuisses aut mitiorem in partem interpretarere. 65 ac te ipsum, quantum ego opinione auguror, nunc et animi quodam impetu concitatum et vi naturae atque ingenii elatum et recentibus praeceptorum studiis flagrantem iam usus flectet,

quod nesciat]quod non certum sciat. T. well cf. the equally remarkable ad Att. XII. 23. 2, de Oropo opinor sed certum nescio.

mediocritate] Plato's μετριότης, Aristotle's Górns. cf. Ar. Eth. II. 6. 13, μεσότης τις ἄρα ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρετή, στοχαστική γε οὖσα τοῦ μέσου, e.g. true bravery is the mean, rashness and cowardice being the extremes between which it lies. Also Cic. de Off. 1. § 89.

quadam] as often, apologetic. Here he has just used mediocritas in a restricted sense as a translation of ueσórηs. So ut ita dicam. cf. de Fin. II. § II.

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moderatas] are ruled, tempered. esse, are seen to be,' i.e. by the eye of the Philosopher.

xxxi. 64. detulisset] cf. de Off. I. § 47, maior enim pars eo fere deferri solet quo a natura ipsa deducitur. For natura cf. § 79.

tu quidem] cf. Madv. § 489 b. temperatior] more self-controlled, σωφρονέστερος.

inimicitiis] cf. § 56. pudentissimum] so in § 30 pudor ='sense of honour.'

custodia] as tribune. cf. § 58. seposuisses] would have set it aside. cf. Ov. Met. III. 318, where Jove is said curas seposuisse graves.

65. auguror] so de Or. I. § 95, quantum auguror coniectura.

impetu] 'rush.' Alluding to his hastiness, cf. § 62.

concitatum] 'roused,' 'over-excited.' cf. pro Flacco § 17, non concitatae contionis, sed iurati senatus. It implies a state of semiinsanity in some passages. With de Divin. II. § 27, concitatione mentis edi et quasi fundi videbatur compare Macbeth II. i. 39, 'proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain.'

flagrantem] cf. Cat. mai. § 50, his studiis flagrantes. recentibus. Cato was now 32.

iam] 'presently.' cf. pro Caelio § 77, iam ista deferbuerint, iam aetas omnia, iam dies mitigarit.

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