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§ 13. Ball and socket joints.
14. Hinge joints.
15. Pivol joints.
The atlas and axis. The radius and ulna ;
pronation and supination.
16. Ligaments.
17. Various kinds of movements of joints.
18. Means of effecting them.
19. Tendons.
20. Walking, running, jumping.
21. Conditions of the production of the Voice.
22. The vocal chords.
23. The cartilages of the larynx.
24. The muscles of the larynx. The action of the several
parts of the larynx.
25. High and low notes; range and quality of voice.
26, 27. Speech. Production of vowel sounds and continuous
consonants.
28. Explosive consonants.
29. Speaking machines.
30. Tongueless Speech.
LESSON VIII.
SENSATIONS AND SENSORY ORGANS. Pp. 187-213.
§1, 2. Animal movements the results of a series of changes usually originated by external impressions.
3. Reflex action.
Sensations and consciousness.
4. Subjective sensations.
5. The muscular sense.
6. The higher senses.
7. General plan of a sensory organ.
8. TOUCH. Papilla. Tactile corpuscles.
9. Function of the epithelium.
10. Touch more acute in some parts of the skin than in
others.
II. The sense of warmth or cold.
12. TASTE.
13. SMELL.
bones.
The Papilla of the tongue.
The anatomy of the nostrils. The turbinal
14. The reason of "sniffing."
15. Essential parts of the organ of HEARING; the mem-
branous labyrinth, the scala media of the cochlea, otoconia, fibres of Corti.
§ 16. The vestibule, semicircular canals, perilymph, endolymph.
17. The cochlea. The scala tympani, scala vestibuli, scala
media.
18. The bony labyrinth.
19. The external meatus, tympanum, and Eustachian tube.
20. The auditory ossicles.
21. The muscles of the tympanum.
22. The concha.
23. Nature of sound.
24. Vibrations of the tympanum.
25. Transmission of the vibrations of the tympanum.
26. The action of the auditory ossicles.
27. By the membranous labyrinth we appreciate the quantity
or intensity of sound; by the cochlea we discriminate the
quality of sounds.
28, 29. Probable function of the fibres of Corti.
30. The functions of the tympanic muscles.
tube.
The Eustachian
LESSON IX.
THE ORGAN OF SIGHT. Pp. 214-235.
§ 1. General structure of the eye.
2. The surface of the retina; the macula lutca.
3. Microscopic structure of the retina.
4. The sensation of light.
5. The "blind spot."
6. Duration of a luminous impression.
7. Exhaustion of the retina. Complementary colours.
8. Colour blindness.
9. Sensation of light from pressure on the eye. Phosphenes.
10. Functions of the rods and cones. The figures of Furkinje.
11-13. The properties of lenses.
14. The intermediate apparatus.
and cornea.
The eyeball.
The sclerotic
The crystalline lens.
15. The aqueous and vitreous humours.
16. The choroid and ciliary processes.
17. The iris and ciliary muscle.
18. The iris a self-regulating diaphragm.
19. Focal adjustment.
§ 20. Experiment illustrating the power of adjustment possessed
by the eye.
21. The mechanism of adjustment explained.
22. Limits of the power of adjustment. Long and short
sight.
23. The muscles of the eyeball; their action.
24. The eyelids.
25. The lachrymal apparatus.
LESSON X.
THE COALESCENCE OF SENSATIONS WITH ONE ANOTHER
AND WITH OTHER STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS. Pp.
236-247.
§1. Many apparently simple sensations are, in reality,
composite.
2. The sensations of smell the least complicated.
3. Analysis of the sensation obtained by drawing the finger
along a table.
4. The notion of roundness a very complex judgment;
Aristotle's experiment.
5. "Delusions of the senses' " in reality delusions of the
judgment.
6. Subjective sensations; delusions of the judgment through
abnormal bodily conditions. Auditory and ocular
spectra.
7. Case of Mrs. A. related by Sir David Brewster.
8. Ventriloquism.
9. Optical delusions.
10. Visual images referred to some point without the body.
II. The inversion of the visual image.
12. Distinct visual images referred by the mind to distinct
objects. Multiplying glasses.
13. The judgment of distance by the size and intensity o
visual images. Perspective.
14. Magnifying glasses.
15. Why the sun, or moon, looks large near the horizon.
16. The judgment of form by shadows.
17. The judgment of changes of form.
18. Single vision with two eyes.
19. The pseudoscope.
The thaumatrope.
20. The judgment of solidity. The stereoscope.
LESSON XI.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND INNERVATION. Pp. 248-271.
§1. The nervous system.
2. The cerebro-spinal and sympathetic systems.
3. The membranes of the cerebro-spinal axis.
4. The spinal cord.
The roots of the spinal nerves.
5. Transverse section of the spinal cord; the white and grey
matter.
6. Physiological properties of nerves.
Irritation.
7, 8. The anterior roots of the spinal nerves, motor; the posterior,
sensory.
9, 10. Molecular changes in a nerve when irritated. Propagation of an impulse. Afferent and efferent nerves.
II. Properties of the spinal cord. Conduction of afferent and
efferent impulses.
12. Reflex action through the spinal cord.
13. One afferent nerve may affect, through reflex action,
several efferent nerves. Characters of reflex actions.
14. Conduction of efferent impulses by anterior white matter;
of afferent impulses, by the grey matter. The crossing of
afferent impulses.
15. Vaso-motor centres.
16. The brain; the outlines of its anatomy.
17. The arrangement of its white and grey matter.
18. The nerves given off from the brain.
19. The olfactory and optic nerves in reality processes of the
brain.
20. Effect of injuries to the medulla oblongata.
21. The crossing of efferent impulses in the medulla oblongata.
22. The functions of different parts of the brain. Intelligence
and Will reside in the cerebral hemispheres.
23. Reflex actions take place even when the brain is whole
and sound.
24. Many ordinary and very complicated muscular acts are
mere reflex processes.
25. Artificial reflex actions.
26. The sympathetic system.
Education.
LESSON XII.
HISTOLOGY, OR THE MINUTE STRUCTURE OF THE TISSUES.
Pp. 272-296.
13, 14. Development of teeth. Cutting of teeth.
15. Muscle, striated and smooth.
16. Nervous tissue; nerve fibres and ganglionic corpuscles.
17. Tactile corpuscles.
18. The olfactory nerves.
19. Ganglionic corpuscles.