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WITH FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER.
MADE OF LIGHT METAL.

Fitted with ZEISS LENSES.

SIZES-6x9 and 9x12cm., and 3 in. X4-in. and 5-in. X4-in. Also 9x18 cm. for Stereo and Panorama, SUITABLE FOR PLATES, PACK FILMS, AND ROLL FILMS.

Illustrated Price Lists, "Pn," Post Free on application.

LIQUID AIR AND LIQUID HYDROGEN.

Dr. HAMPSON'S AIR-LIQUEFIER is now made to a standard pattern, and numbers are in use in University Laboratories and elsewhere in various countries. The whole apparatus is neat and compact and its parts very easily moved; the Liquefier, without stand, being a cylinder 17 inches high and 8 inches in diameter.

It begins to liquefy air in from 6 to 10 minutes after the admission of air at from 150 to 200 atmospheres pressure, making over a litre of liquid per hour.

It requires no auxiliary refrigerant and produces a perfectly clear liquid which requires no filtering.

The operator has only one gauge to watch and one valve to control HYDROGEN LIQUEFIER to the designs of Dr. MORRIS W. TRAVERS for use in conjunction with Air-Liquefier.

For Prices and Particulars apply to the Sole Makers :BRIN'S OXYGEN COMPANY, LIMITED, ELVERTON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

JAMES SWIFT & SON,

Opticians.
THE DISCOVERY."

This is the latest STUDENT'S MICRO

SCOPE made by J. S. & S., and was Laboratory of the ship Discovery, of

the selected Instrument for the

the Antarctic Expedition. It is fitted with J. S. & S. new patent fine adjustment, 2/3" and 1/6" Objectives, Iris Diaphragm and one Ocular, In Case, £6: 15 : 0 Prospectus free by post. UNIVERSITY OPTICAL

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WORKS,

81 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON.

JOURNAL OF ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY,

NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL, HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE.

CONDUCTED BY

PRINCIPAL SIR WILLIAM TURNER AND

PROFESSORS D. J. CUNNINGHAM, G. S. HUNTINGTON,
A. MACALISTER, and J. G. M'KENDRICK.
Vol. XXXIX. New Series-Vol. XIX. Part II.-January, 1905.
Now Ready. Price 6s. Annual Subscription, 215. post free.
With Plates and Figures in Text.

CONTENTS OF PART II.-JANUARY, 1905.

J. T. Wilson, M.B. Fourth Molar Teeth in an Australian Aboriginal and a New Caledonian. (Plates XXIX., XXX.)

John Cameron, M.D. The Development of the Retina in Amphibia. (Plates XXXI, XXXII.)

Frank S. Poole, B.A. The Superior Oblique Muscle of the Eye.

P. P. Laidlaw, B.A. The Os Calcis. (Plates XXXIII.-XXXVII.)

T. L. Bunting, M.D. The Histology of Lymphatic Glands.
Charles Earle, B.Sc. Supernumerary Milk Incisor in Man.
Onèra A. Merritt, B.Sc. The Theory of Nerve Components.
Proceedings of Anatomical Society.

London: CHARLES GRIFFIN AND COMPANY, LTD.,
EXETER STREET, STRAND.

NOW READY.

With Illustrations, 2s. 6d. net, by post 2s. 9d.

X-RAYS:

THEIR EMPLOYMENT in CANCER and other DISEASES.

BY

RICHARD J. COWEN, L.R.C.S.I., L.R.C.P.I., &c.

London: H. J. GLAISHER, 57 Wigmore Street, W.

MESSRS. HEFFER & SONS'

PUBLICATIONS.

GENERAL SCIENCE.

FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS.
Crown 8vo. 5s. net.

EXERCISES IN PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHEMISTRY. By S. W. COLE, M.A., Trinity College, Cam-
bridge, Assistant Demonstrator in Physiology, Cambridge University.
A practical book intended for the use of medical students.

FOR SENIOR CLASSES IN SCIENCE SCHOOLS.
Demy 8vo. Sewed. 25. net.

PRACTICAL EXERCISES in CHEMICAL PHYSI-
OLOGY AND HISTOLOGY. Arranged by H. B. LACEY, Head
of Biological Department, South-Western Polytechnic, Chelsea, and
C. A. PANNETT, B.Sc. London.

Prepared for the use of students working for the examination in Physi ology, Stages I, II, III, and Honours of the Science Department of the Board of Education.

PRACTICAL PHYSICS FOR SCHOOLS.

By

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FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC BOOKS JOHN

and Periodicals promptly supplied at lowest rates.

CATALOGUES POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

W. MULLER,

59 CASTLE STREET EAST, OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.

SEND FOR NEW LIST OF

Microscopical Specimens in MARINE ZOOLOGY

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

LIST OF SECOND-HAND INSTRUMENTS ALSO POST FREE. C. BAKER, 244 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

ROCK-SECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. Sections of Minerals, Metals, Bones, Teeth and Kindred Hard Substances. SAMPLE SLIDES (Faultlessly Mounted), 1S. EACH, POST FREE. ALL BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY. Micro-specimens mounted or made to order, from 1s. each. Collections provided, named, arranged or repaired. Exact original water-colour or etched drawings executed. LESSONS IN LABORATORY OR BY CORRESPONDENCE. Medical, Science and Civil-Service Students encouraged. Specify Wants and Estimates will be supplied by Return Post. Address to:-THE DIRECTOR, MICROLOGICAL LABORATORY AND STUDIO, 11 ASPENLEA ROAD, HAMMERSMITH, LONDON, W.

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ZOOLOGICAL BOOKS AND PAPERS.

Pt. 2.-GEOGRAPHICAL (comprising faunas of all countries). Carefully classified for reference.

Ready in a few days.

SENT POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

38 GREAT QUEEN ST., LONDON, W.C.

Sale by Auction.

GENERAL NATURAL HISTORY AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECIMENS FINE COLLECTION OF MINERALS & FOSSILS. JANUARY 17, AT HALF-PAST 12 O'CLOCK.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will Offer at his Rooms. 38 King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C., COLLECTION of LEPIDOPTERA, including some rare Specimens, in fine condition -Eggs, and Cabinets of various sizes-Heads and Horns of Big Game; a COLLECTION of MINERALS and FOSSILS in CABINET Skins and Mounted Specimens of Birds and Animals.

On view day prior 10 to 4, and morning of sale.
Catalogues on application.

MINERALS, ROCKS, FOSSILS.

A large stock of BRITISH AND FOREIGN MINERALS always on view. CORNISH MINERALS

A SPECIALITY.

Special display for Teachers and Students on Saturdays. Open till 7 p.m. RICHARDS SHOW ROOMS,

3 Beauchamp Place, Brompton Road, South Kensington, London, S. W.

KYMOGRAPHS. RADIUM.

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PRICE

£32:0:

Delivery from Stock.

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Pitchblende, from 2/- to 30/- per piece; in Powder, 2/6 per cz.
Kunzite, selected, 2/- per gramme. Carnotite, 2/- per or
Aeschynit, 2/- per oz. Emanium, 30/- per decigramme.
Sparteite (see NATURE, March 31, 1904. page 523), 2/- per piece
Chlorophane, 2/- per piece. Samarskite, 2/- per oz.
Zinc Sulphide, green and yellow, 5/- per tube.

Rad. Residue, 2/- per tube. Polonium, 21/- per gram; 11/--gram.
Polonium on Bi. rod., 25/-, Willemite, 2/- per oz.

Flexible Sandstone, 5/- to 50/-. (See NATURE, June 23, 1904,

page 185.) Radio-active Mud, 1/6 per bottle.

Monazit, 3/- per oz. Monazit Sand, 1/- per o2
Diamond chips and powder, 10/- per carat (best quality).

Euklas, Hiddenit, Wagnerit, Phosgenit.

Bar. Plat. Cyan., for Screens, 3/ gramme, 60/- oz. Crystals, 4/ gramme. Screens, 9d. per square inch.

Radio-active screens, 6d. per square inch.

Willemite

screens, 6d. per square inch. Electroscopes (special), 21/Spinthariscopes (special), 21/-, 10/6 and 7/6. Selection of Minerals in boxes, 2/6, 5/6, 10/6 and 21/-.

Drum speed continuously adjustable.

Clockwork Drive with new and exact Governor.

The Drum can be placed vertical, horizontal, or at any inclination. Also in Stock, Ludwig Continuous Paper Kymograph. Price £45 0 0

NEW ZEALAND VEGETABLE CATERPILLAR; from 2 to 3 inches long, with a stem showing fructification growing out of its head. Specimens may be had from 10/6 to 21/-, according to quality and size.

See NATURE, May 12, 1904, page 44.

Goods may be returned if not approved of, when money will be refunded. Professional Men, Universities, Schools, &c., allowed special terms.

The Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., ARMBRECHT, NELSON & CO.,

CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.

THE SYTAM SYSTEM

of arranging Bottles, Books, Apparatus, Pamphlets, Specimens, MSS., Correspondence, "Copy," &c.

Saves an incredible amount of wall space and completely utilises dark corners, recesses, and out-of-the-way places.

Prevents crowding and confusion.

Allows for extension as and when required. Always room for more, hence reorganisation seldom or never necessary.

Saves time, lightens work, and increases comfort by producing perfect order in the Laboratory, Library, Study, Home, Office, &c.

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THE SYTAM FITTINGS CO.,

71 & 73 DUKE ST., CROSVENOR SQUARE, W.

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GLEW'S

CINTILLOSCOPE

PATENT

SCREEN

PITCH BLENDE

SCINTILLOSCOPE

(PATENT).

Shows a magnificent display of scintillations, showers of sparks, direct from the mineral Pitchblende, Radium, Polonium, Uranium, Thorium, or any radio-active substance, even a Welsbach mantle con tains sufficient Thorium to excite the very sensitive Screen of the Scintilloscope, which is far more sensitive than the Spinthariscope. The Scintilloscope rivals the most delicate Electroscope as a detector of Alpha rays.

The eye sees an inexhaustible shower of stars of white light, giving a very realistic idea of the ceaseless activity of these marvellous substances which are producing the terrific bombardment causing this beautiful display. See NATURE, September 29, page 535 Glew's Scintilloscope Superior Lens, with Extra-sensitive Pitchblende and Polonium Screens, giving brilliant effects, Complete, 75. 64, Post free, U.K. Foreign Postage extra, weight 2 ounces.

Pieces of Pitchblende mineral, ground flat and polished, with Sensitive Screen attached, for use in Scintilloscope or with any strong pocket magnifier, from 75. 6d. each, according to size.

Radio active supplies of every description, on Sale or Hire. Radion Bromide, 1,800,000 units on hire for lectures.

18 & 19 BASINGHALL BUILDINGS, LEEDS. F. HARRISON GLEW, Radiographer (Silver Medallist, Paris, 1900)

156 Clapham Road, London, S. W.

RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LTD., BREAD ST. HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

hopes that before long not only every medical officer of health and every school teacher, but every man and woman who knows what is needed, will join its ranks. Thus will be formed that body of enlightened public opinion which is the moving power in every reform worked, in every advance made by nation, district, or parish, and thus the gospel of physical culture and healthy environment may win its way to every British home. No more patriotic work can be imagined, even though "the foes be they of our own household."

NOTES.

THE Council of the Geological Society of London has decided to award the medals and funds this year as follows:Wollaston medal to Dr. J. J. Harris Teall, F.R.S.; Murchison medal to Mr. Edward John Dunn, of Melbourne; Lyell medal to Dr. Hans Reusch, director of the Geological Survey of Norway; Bigsby medal to Prof. J. W. Gregory, F.R.S.; Wollaston fund to Mr. H. H. Arnold-Bemrose; Murchison fund to Mr. H. L. Bowman; and Lyell fund to Mr. E. A. Newell-Arber and Mr. Walcot Gibson.

ST. MARGARET'S BAY, Dover, where great falls of cliff frequently occur, was the scene of another landslip on Tuesday, January 10, when an enormous slice of the cliff, estimated by the coastguard at about a quarter of a million tons, fell into the sea. The fall occurred a little to the eastward of the bay, where the cliff is about 250 feet high. When the fall took place, about 9.30 a.m., it is said that a very sharp earth tremor was felt throughout the village, and was at first believed to be an earthquake. A further fall occurred at noon. As the result of these landslips a gap about 200 feet wide and 50 feet deep appears in the cliff. The débris at the foot of the cliff covers a large area with some very large fragments of rock. The mass is 20 feet or 30 feet high, and extends seawards about a quarter of a mile.

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A SLIGHT earthquake shock which lasted a few seconds was felt at Gibraltar on January 7, at 5 a.m. No damage was done. The disturbance was also felt in the Spanish towns of Algeciras, Campamento, and San Roque. At La Linea there were two severe shocks, each lasting about five seconds, the first occurring at 4.40 a.m., and the second at 4.52 a.m.

ON Tuesday next, January 17, Prof. L. C. Miall will begin a course of six lectures at the Royal Institution on theStructure and Life of Animals." The discourse on Friday, January 20, will be delivered by Sir James Dewar

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WE regret to see the announcement of the death of Mr. G. W. Hemming, K.C., in his eighty-fourth year. In addition to contributions extending over many years to various magazines and periodicals, he was the author of a "Differential and Integral Calculus,' which appeared in 1848, and also of a work entitled "Billiards Mathematically Treated" (1893), of which a second edition was recently published.

THE death is announced of Mr. Robert Harris Valpy at the advanced age of eighty-five. Although a keen geologist, he published very little, but he made a very fine collection of fossils from the Devonian rocks of North Devon, and his assistance was acknowledged in the late Mr. Etheridge's work on the "Physical Structure of West Somerset and North Devon " (1867). Mr. Valpy was the author of "Notes on the Geology of Ilfracombe and the Neighbourhood," published anonymously by Twiss and Sons, of Ilfracombe.

THE first award of the Henry Saxon Snell prize will be made this year by the Royal Sanitary Institute. The prize was founded to encourage improvements in the construction or adaptation of sanitary appliances, and is to be awarded by the council of the institute at intervals of three years. The first prize, which will consist of 50l. and a medal of the institute, is offered in the year 1905 for an essay on "domestic sanitary appliances, with suggestions for their improvement." Essays must be delivered on or before March 30, addressed to the secretary of the Royal Sanitary Institute, 72 Margaret Street, W.

on

THE Association for Maintaining the American Women's Table at the Zoological Station at Naples and for Promoting Scientific Research by Women announces the offer of a third prize of 200l. for the best thesis written by a woman, a scientific subject, embodying new observations and new conclusions based on an independent laboratory reThe search in biological, chemical, or physical science. theses offered in competition are to be presented to the executive committee of the association, and must be in the hands of the chairman of the committee on the prize, Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., before December 31, 1906. The prize will be awarded at the annual meeting in April, 1907.

THE death is announced of Mr. Beauchamp Tower, who was associated for some years with Mr. W. Froude, F.R.S., in the experiments made for the Admiralty on the models of ships and on full-sized vessels and engines of the Navy, from which experiments much of the present knowledge of the scientific design of ships has been derived. While working as a consulting engineer, says the Times, Mr. Tower developed several ingenious inventions, notably a machine to carry out Mr. Spencer Deverell's idea of obtaining work from wave motion, the well known " spherical" steamengine, largely employed for some years where high rotary speeds were needed, a centrifugal pump revolution indicator for ships, and a gyroscopic steady platform for guns at sea, all of which afford good examples of originality and scientific acumen. He also undertook for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and carried to a successful issue, an extremely complete series of experiments on friction, by which much new knowledge on the subject was gained.

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over the whole system, the electrical trains being at first run in place of some only of the regular trains, their numbers being increased until eventually the complete service is electrical. When this has been effected, and the steam trains entirely displaced, the cleaning of the stations and tunnels will be taken in hand; it is not until this is complete that the public will derive the full benefit of the alteration, so it is to be hoped that no difficulties will be experienced to cause delay. It has been no small undertaking to prepare everything for the conversion of these lines, and the actual change itself must necessarily be carried out with care, especially as it has to be effected without interruption of the traffic.

M. H. BOURGET, of the University of Toulouse, writes to ask what is the form of the surface of a fowl's egg, and if precise measures have been made of eggs in order to determine whether the shape is constant and approaches that of any known geometrical figure. In reply to this inquiry, Prof. G. H. Bryan, to whom the matter was referred, remarks:-"I believe it is generally recognised that the shape of the meridian section of an egg is most approximately a Cartesian oval, that is, a curve given by the equation ar,+br,=c, where r, and r, are distances from two fixed points. For a=b this becomes an ellipse, but with a and b unequal we get a figure with one end more rounded and one more pointed, very like an egg. But anyone who tried to find mathematical equations for the curves occurring in the forms of organic life would have a difficult task, especially if he were to tackle the Diatomaceæ. It should also be remembered that the number of curves which have an equation is infinitely small compared with the number of curves that cannot be so represented."

THE annual report of the Russian Geographical Society for 1903 has only just reached us. Among the scientific explorations accomplished during the year we notice the explorations of Lake Balkhash by M. L. S. Berg, of Lake Kosogol by M. V. S. Elpatievsky, of Lake Ladoga by M. J. M. Shokalsky, and of various lakes in European Russia, as also of Lake Gokcha, by several students under Prof. D. N. Anuchin. M. V. I. Lipskiy has continued to study the flora of Central Asia, in connection with his forthcoming work on this subject, and has made for this purpose interesting journeys in the Tian-Shan, while the range of Peter I. has been further explored by M. V. Th. Novitzkiy. The botanist, M. J. N. Voronoff, explored north-western Mongolia, M. N. B. Grinevetskiy the flora of Transcaucasia, V. A. Faussek the Transcaspian fauna, and V. E. Petersen the Lepidoptera of the Urals. A journey in the Pechora region, by P. P. Mataftin, is also worthy of notice. Several expeditions--Dr. Zarudnyi in Persia, Syeroshevskiy, explorer of the Ainos, in Yezo, Karskiy in White Russia-were at work during the same year, as also the committee for the scientific collection of folk-songs, with their music.

Ar the meeting of the Institution of Civil Engineers held on January 10 Sir William White, K.C.B., delivered an address on the recent visit of the institution to the United States and Canada. He described the visits made to the principal engineering works in New York City and district, to those in Canada, and to similar enterprises in Chicago. In Canada, many opportunities were afforded to see examples of the utilisation of water power, and no one could fail to realise the enormous possibilities of development in the pulp and paper industry, with cheap power and a good supply of labour. The visitors were informed that

within a few miles of Ottawa there is 200,000 h.p. of water power, and within a radius of forty-five miles nearly a million horse-power. At Niagara on the Canadian side three new undertakings are being rapidly advanced, together giving more than 400,000 h.p., while a fourth will yield. 40,000 h.p. When these are completed the grand total of power derived from Niagara on both sides of the river will be about 700,000 h.p. These particulars were

followed in the address by an account of the International Engineering Congress at St. Louis organised by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Concluding Sir William remarked that there can be no doubt but this visit enabled American and Canadian engineers to give practical proof of their fellowship with British engineers. The visit must tend to strengthen the friendly feeling already existing between the United States and the British Empire. It must result also in a better understanding between the mother-country and Canada.

A VALUABLE report by Dr. Musgrave and Mr. Clegg on the cultivation of amoeba, and pathogenic amœbæ, amoebic dysentery, has been issued by the Bureau of Government Laboratories, Manila (No. 18, 1904). It is considered that all ambæ are, or may become, pathogenic. Pure cultures of amoeba were obtained by a modified plate culture method, but it was not found possible to cultivate the organisms unless bacteria were present in the cultivations, and the amoeba were often found to exhibit a preference for certain species of bacteria.

THE United States Department of Agriculture has added to its valuable memoirs on food and diet a report by Messrs Woods and Mansfield on the food of the Maine lumbermen (Bulletin No. 149, 1904). These men perform hard manual labour, and are much exposed to cold, wet, and hardship, and the staple daily fare consists of pork or beef, sour dough biscuits made of dough which undergoes fermentation with a "wild" yeast, tea and molasses, and beans which are first parboiled in the forenoon, and are then packed with alternate layers of salt pork in a pot which is covered with hot ashes and earth, and allowed to cook over night. It is considered that the dietary, as regards protein and energy, is the highest yet recorded for any American labouring men, is well digested, and costs about 23.5 cents per person per diem.

We have received a copy of the third and final part of a Catalogue of Canadian Birds," by Mr. J. Macoun, issued by the Geological Society of Canada, which deals with such families of the Passeres as were not included in the preceding part. Owing to the fuller knowledge of the habits of most of the birds recorded in this part, as compared with those in its predecessors, a larger amount of space is devoted to the majority of the species, thereby enhancing the value of the work. Otherwise the method of treatment is the same as that adopted in parts i. and ii., which have been previously noticed in our columns.

IN the eighteenth annual report of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, dealing with the new biological station at Port Erin, Isle of Man, the director deplores that while there have been more students than in any previous year (who have worked harder than their predecessors) and more investigators engaged on original work, to say nothing of the success of the public meetings and the excellent result of the fish-hatching, yet the number of subscribers does not increase; and, in truth, the list of subscriptions to such an admirable institution is but a pitiful one-a total of 891. 35. 6d. The marvel, indeed, is how, so much good work is accomplished and the establishment kept in going

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