of the building and fittings is 49,389l. 2s. 3d., of which sum 26,1251. has been furnished by the Sedgwick memorial trustees, besides 1050l. appropriated to the bronze statue sculptured by Mr. Onslow Ford.

In connection with the recently established diploma and final examination for the degree in geography, the Board of Geographical Studies has issued a list of eight lectures which amply cover the syllabus for these examinations. Besides the lectures on geography in general by Mr. Yule Oldham, Mr. Hinks is lecturing on geographical surveying, Dr. Marr on geomorphology, and Dr. Haddon on anthropogeography.

The recently established board of anthropology announce some thirteen courses of lectures which seem to embrace the world, ancient and modern. Prof. Ridgeway deals with Greek and Roman numismatics, Mr. Green with Egyptology, Mr. Johns with Assyriology and the social customs of Babylonia, Mr. Chadwick with those of the Anglo-Saxons, whilst Dr. Haddon lectures on the ethnology of Southern Asia, Baron von Hügel on the Melanesians and Polynesians, and Mr. Minns on the ancient ethnology of eastern Europe. Special courses on the sacred character and magical functions of kings in early society, and on physical anthropology, are to be delivered by Mr. J. G. Frazer and Mr. Duckworth.

LONDON. The Drapers' Company has voted to University College the sum of 400l. a year for the next five years towards assisting further the statistical work and higher teaching of the department of applied mathematics. The Mercers' Company has voted the sum of 1000l. for providing for the chair of physiology at the college. Dr. Atkinson has been appointed an honorary demonstrator in the department of organic chemistry.

EDINBURGH.-The Senate has submited a resolution to the University Court expressing the view that the time. has come for the recognition of geography as a subject for graduation in arts and science, and requesting that the court should take steps as soon as possible to obtain such alteration of the ordinances as may be necessary to that end. It was agreed that when the framing of a new and amending ordinance in arts comes before the court, the question of giving an adequate position to geography shall be given due consideration.

DUBLIN. The Provost and senior fellows of Trinity College have accepted an offer made by Sir John Nutting, of St. Helens, county Dublin, to endow for a period of five years ten annual entrance exhibitions each of the value of 100l. (50l. per annum for two years). The exhibitions are to be awarded without further examination, and at the discretion of the Board of Trinity College, to ten young men or women who have competed with success at the senior or middle grade examinations of the Board of Intermediate Education in Ireland. The exhibitions will be confined to pupils of Irish secondary schools (Protestant and Roman Catholic) which have no other endowment than the "results fees" of the Intermediate Board, any other endowment to act as a disqualification.

MR. STANLEY H. TURNER, assistant in political economy at Glasgow, has been appointed lecturer in political economy in the University of Aberdeen, and a full qualifying course of lectures will in future be given by him.

DR. KARL BOEHM, of Heidelberg, and Dr. Hugo Kaufmann, of Stuttgart Technical College, have been appointed extraordinary professors for mathematics and chemistry respectively.

MRS. MACLOGHLIN, of Southport, recently made an offer to the Royal College of Surgeons of England to found scholarships in memory of her husband, the late Mr. E. Percy P. Macloghlin. Mrs. Macloghlin proposes, in five years from the date of her husband's death, to give to the college a sum of 10,000l. for the purpose of endowing these scholarships, which are intended to assist young students in need of financial help to proceed with their professional studies. The council of the college has accepted Mrs. Macloghlin's munificent offer, and has agreed to administer the trust.

THE president of the Board of Education has appointed the Right Hon. R. B. Haldane, K.C., M.P., to be chairman of the departmental committee which is inquiring into the present and future working of the Royal College of Science and Royal School of Mines, South Kensington, in succession to Sir Francis Mowatt, G.C.B., who will, however, remain a member of the committee. It may be remembered that the terms of reference to the committee are as follows:-To inquire into the present working of the Royal College of Science, including the School of Mines; to consider in what manner the staff, together with the buildings and appliances now in occupation or in course of construction, may be utilised to the fullest extent for the promotion of higher scientific studies in connection with the work of existing or projected institutions for instruction of the same character in the metropolis or elsewhere; and to report on any changes which may be desirable in order to carry out such recommendations as they may make.

THE annual meeting of the Incorporated Association of Headmasters was held at the Guildhall on January 11 and 12. In his presidential address, the Rev. James Went said that, speaking broadly, the difference between the English and the German educational ideal has been that the Germans have recognised the paramount importance of secondary education and the English have not. It is, however, being recognised gradually that the word secondary connotes, not a social distinction, but one of attainment. The recognition of this fact is, Mr. Went believes, largely due to boys of ability and good character who, under the name of exhibitioners or county council scholars, have during the last thirty years been admitted freely into grammar schools, and of whom many have afterwards won the highest distinctions at the universities. It appears likely that the number of boys of this class will be increased as time goes on. The address also dealt with the education of pupil teachers at secondary schools and with the recent regulations for secondary schools issued by the Board of Education. The following resolution was adopted :-"That this association regards the new regulations for secondary schools with satisfaction in general, but regrets that the Board of Education does not provide (a) for the calculation of grants upon. terminal attendance; (b) for the recognition of advanced courses to follow upon the existing four-years' course: (c) for ensuring comparative freedom of curricula to schools satisfying certain tests of a higher liberal education; (d) for an elastic percentage division of the whole school time when prescribing for groups of subjects, in place of the existing rigid minima of hours or periods in each week. A rider was adopted also declaring that the financial basis on which grants are calculated is not at all adequate, and protesting against any application of the new regulations to secondary schools hitherto earning grants from the board, which would result in such schools receiving grants on a lower basis than in the past

AT the second day's meeting of the Incorporated Association of Headmasters the following resolutions were adopted after discussion :-(1) That in the opinion of this association it is desirable that the universities shoul institute a twofold entrance examination (a) for candidates proceeding to degrees in arts, in general as at present, but with a higher standard in literary subjects; (b) for candidates proceeding to degrees in mathematics and science, with a modern language, including translation at sight, composition, and an oral test, as an alternative for Greek. (2) That the provision for papers in English and history, and for the omission of Paley's Evidences from the Cambridge previous paper as laid down in the first report of the Cambridge Studies Syndicate, should be insisted upon in examinations under both (a) and (b) above: (3) That a new degree in mathematics and in science should be instituted, differing in title from the degree in arts, but of precisely the same university standing. The Rev. R. D. Swallow, in moving the resolu tions, said he would not add anything to the arguments on either side of the vexed question as to whether the study of Greek is to be compulsory for students who sought admission to the ancient universities. It is

question which has often been debated by the association, and now in later years, as the subject has assumed a more prominent place in all questions about the curricula of the universities and the secondary schools, the association has gradually focussed its view of it in favour of relaxation for candidates for admission at the university who are able to prove themselves worthy of high honours in mathematics or natural science.

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MR. ARNOLD-FORSTER, Secretary of State for War, attended on Monday the first lecture of a military history and strategy at the University of London; and at the conclusion of the lecture spoke on army education. In the course of his remarks, he said:-If we have had one thing more than another to admire in the great military example in the Far East, it is the way in which the officers' corps of a great and friendly nation have succeeded in combining the maximum of devotion with the maximum of intelligence in the effective service of their country. In our Army we can find officers in every rank and branch of the service who will challenge comparison with the officers of any army in the world; but the diffusion of intelligence and education throughout the officers of the Army is not so great as it ought to be. This is not peculiar to the Army; it is characteristic of very profession in the country; and what this country is now feeling acutely is that we have so long subsisted on an educational basis inadequate to the needs of modern life. The time has come for the public schools to render to the Army greater service than they do now. Numbers of young men come up for the Army from the public schools with a totally inadequate knowledge of the Language of every country but their own, and with an inadequate knowledge of the history and literature of their wn country, as well as of the history and literature of every other country. That must all be changed. Young men ought to come up from the public schools instructed in the great science of geography. Now they are practically without any knowledge whatever of one of the sciences which, more than any other, is the reasonable foundation for the studies of an officer in the Army. There is an extraordinary lack in this country-which of all others ought to be well posted in this branch of science of a proper knowledge of geography. We might be compelled to establish in this country for the Army schools like those which have been already established for the Navy, or like the college at West Point in the United States. The time has almost come when it would be wise to

establish a great college like West Point, where the equipment, staff, and method should be as complete as possible, and where candidates should be taken not only for the Army, but for all the great departments of the State, and where even those who have no intention of entering the service of the State may be allowed to receive instruction.

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES.

PARIS.

Academy of Sciences, January 9.-M. Troost in the chair. The external or superficial conductivity representing for a given body the cooling power of a fluid current : J. Boussinesq.-The micrographical study of the meteorite of the Diablo Canyon: H. Moissan and F. Osmond. The micrographical study of this meteorite has shown that the metallic parts, apparently homogeneous, frequently contain irregular microscopic nuclei formed of superposed layers of phosphide and carbide of iron. A detailed examination of nodules which have not been submitted to external oxidation made it clear that they are formed of sulphide of iron surrounded by successive layers of iron phosphide and carbide. In certain cases the laminated structure of the nodules showed that they had been submmitted to very considerable pressures.-Trypanosomiasis and the tsetse-fly in French Guinea: A. Laveran. Specimens of Glossina, or the tsetse-fly, have been found in all parts of French Guinea, and in places where the existence of diseases due to trypanosomes has been already demonstrated. These trypanosomes attack horses as well as human beings, and a detailed account of the course of the disease in a horse, together with the results of a

post-mortem examination of the animal, are given.Observations on the Borrelly comet (December 28, 1904) made with the large equatorial at the Observatory of Bordeaux: G. Rayet. Two sets of observations were made on December 31, 1904, and one on January 2. On the latter evening the sky was clear, and the comet appeared as a nearly round nebulosity of about 1' in diameter, possessing a stellar nucleus of the thirteenth magnitude. -On a method of reading large surfaces of mercury: A. Berget. A collimator with a well illuminated very narrow slit is placed behind the column to be read, and an unA luminous line, graduated thermometer tube in front. the focal line of a cylindrical mirror, is formed, and ends with great sharpness at a fixed point, which can be read off in a cathetometer with an accuracy of 0.01 mm.The attraction observed between liquid drops suspended in a liquid of the same density: V. Crémieu. Drops of olive oil, suspended in a mixture of alcohol and water of as nearly as possible the same density as the oil, ascend or descend in a vertical straight line, with extreme slowness, if precautions against changes of temperature and shaking are taken. If two or more drops are present in the dilute alcohol at the same time, there is an attraction between the two drops which is manifested by their following curved paths instead of vertically straight ones.-On the photogenic radio-active properties of calcined coral placed in a radiant vacuum and submitted to the influence of the kathode rays: Gaston Séguy. Amongst various substances examined calcined coral (carbonate of lime and magnesia) gave the most intense phosphorescence as measured by the action on a photographic plate. Phosphorescent coral excites the fluorescence of barium platinocyanide screens, and is very rich in ultra-violet rays.Concerning the action of very low temperatures on the phosphorescence of certain sulphides: F. P. Le Roux. The maximum potential light energy which can be induced in a given phosphorescent body by a given light is independent of the temperature. Variations of temperature can only have an influence on the velocity of transformation of the potential into the actual light energy.-On a supposed demonstration of the existence of the n-rays by photographic methods: M. Chanoz and M. Perrigot. The authors have repeated an experiment of M. Bordier's on the photographic detection of the n-rays emitted by tempered steel, with contrary results. They find that two equal masses of lead and tempered steel, placed identically on screens comparable as to thickness and insolation, never give different halos, whatever may be the duration of the exposure.-The special sensibility of the physiological ear for certain vowels: M. Marage. On the fluorides of indium and rubidium: C. Chabrié and A. Bouchonnet. The fluoride of indium was prepared by dissolving the hydroxide of the metal in hydrofluoric acid, and was found on analysis to possess the composition In,F,.18H2O. It emits acid vapours, and is completely decomposed on ignition to redness. On treating rubidium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid and evaporating to dryness the acid fluoride RbF.HF is obtained.-The limit of the reaction between diazobenzene and aniline: Léo Vignon. Aminoazobenzene does not react with diazobenzene either in aqueous or alcoholic solution. Aniline reacts with diazoaminoazobenzene chloride in presence of potassium carbonate giving a diazoamine.-Camphene, camphenylone, isoborneol, and camphor: L. Bouveault and G. Blanc. The tertiary alcohol, methylcamphenylol, was prepared from camphenylone by Grignard's reaction. The reaction of this alcohol with pyruvic acid at 140°-150° C. has been studied. On the diastatic coagulation of starch: J. Wolff and A. Fernbach.-The estimation of carbon monoxide in confined atmospheres: Albert Lévy and A. Pécoul. The authors utilise the reaction first indicated by M. Gautier between carbon monoxide and iodic anhydride at 80° C., modifying the method by receiving the vapours of iodine in a small quantity of pure chloroform. The amount of iodine set free is ascertained calorimetrically by comparison with a set of sealed tubes containing known quantities of iodine. It is possible in this way to measure in four litres of air only down to 1/200,000 of carbon monoxide by volume. A test analysis with an artificially prepared atmosphere is given to show the accuracy of the method.

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-On the rational estimation of gluten in wheaten flour : E. Fleurent. It is shown that by taking certain precautions as to the temperature and lime contents of the wash water, and fixing the time of washing, it is possible to obtain results by the mechanical method which agree well with the chemical method.-Physicochemical searches on hæmolysis: Victor Henri.—The comet e 1904, discovered December 28, 1904, at the Observatory of Marseilles M. Borrelly. The provisional elements of the new Borrelly comet (1904 December 28): G. Fayet and E. Maubant. On the isochronism of the pendulum in the astronomical clock: Ch. Féry. For an amplitude between 2° 13' and 2° 29', that is, for a variation of amplitude of about 9 mm., the variation of the rate was nil, or there was a minimum for the time of oscillation. This result is probably due to a want of isochronism of the escapement.-On the value of the magnetic elements on January 1: Th. Moureaux.-Osmotic communication in fishes between the internal and external media: Jean Gautrelet. Referring to a recent paper by M. Quinton, the author directs attention to a paper of his bearing on the same subject published in 1902.-On the infection of Padda oryzivora by Trypanosoma paddae and by Halteridium Danilewskyi: M. Thiroux.

INDIA.

DIARY OF SOCIETIES.

THURSDAY, JANUARY 19..

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 25.

SOCIETY OF ARTS, at 8.-London Electric Railways: Hon. Robert P.
Porter.
THURSDAY, JANUARY 26.

ROYAL SOCIETY, at 4.30 -Probable Papers: On the Boring of the
Simplon Tunnel, and the Distribution of Temperature that was En-
countered: Francis Fox.-On the Comparison of the Platinum Scale of
Temperature with the Normal Scale at Temperatures between 444 and
190°C., with Notes on Constant Temperatures below the Melting
Point of Ice: Prof. M. W. Travers, F.R.S., and A. S. C. Gwyer.-On
the Modulus of Torsional Rigidity of Quartz Fibres, and its Tempera
ture Coefficient: Dr. F. Horion.-On a Method of Finding the Con-
ductivity for Heat: Prof. C. Niven, F.R.S.-Exterior Ballistics. "Error
of the Day" and other Corrections to Naval Range-Tables: Prof
G. Forbes, F. R.S.-The Theory of Symmetrical Optical Objectives.
Part ii. S. D. Chalmers.-On the Drift produced in Ions by Electro
magnetic Disturbances, and a Theory of Radio-activity: G. W. Walker.
Coloration of Glass by Natural Solar and other Radiations: Sir
William Crookes, F.R.S.-On the "Blaze-Currents" of the Gall Bladder
of the Frog: Mrs. Waller.
INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, at 8.-Fuel Economy in Steam
Power Plants: W. H. Booth and J. B. C. Kershaw. (Conclusion of
discussion.)
FRIDAY, JANUARY 27.

ROYAL INSTITUTION, at 9.-The Life-History of the Emperor Pengain: Dr. Edward A. Wilson.

PHYSICAL SOCIETY, at 5.-Action of a Magnetic Field on the Discharge through a Gas: Dr. R. S. Willows.-Action of Radium on the Electric Spark: Dr. R. S. Willows and J. Peck.-The Slow Stretch in Indiarubber, Glass, and Metal Wires when subjected to a Constant Pull: P. Phillips.-Determination of Young's Modulus for Glass: C. A. Bell -Some Methods for Studying the Viscosity of Solids: Dr. Boris Weinberg.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, at 8.-Concrete-Making on the Admiralty Harbour Works, Dover: T. L. Matthews.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY, at 8. 30.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 24.

President's Address, &c.

Recent Exploration in the Mentone Caves. (Illus

The Scientific Exploration of Lake Tanganyika. Notes

Our Astronomical Column:

(Illustrated.) By

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276

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277

Observations of Comets 1904 d and 1904 e
Ephemeris for Comet Tempel, 1904 €
Seasonal Development of Martian Canals
Variable Stars and Nebulous Areas in Scorpio
Report of the Natal Observatory

The Jesuit Observatory at Belen, Havana
The Discovery of Jupiter's Sixth Satellite.
W. E. R..

Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon Dioxide. By Dr.
A. Harden

Conference of Public School Science Masters. By Wilfred Mark Webb

Prize Awards of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. University and Educational Intelligence Societies and Academies

Diary of Societies