...following form. The power to regulate the press is an especially fearful power to vest with government as "it is levelled against the right of freely examining...characters and measures, and of free communication thereon, which has ever been justly deemed the only effectual guardian of every other right."51 dialogue...

...whole point without having to state it in other than muted words. The Sedition Act ought to arouse "universal alarm," because it is levelled against...deemed the only effectual guardian of every other right.8' And perhaps as striking as anything about this entire two-year period, as inflamed passions...

...constitution: and the other of which acts, exercises in like manner a power not delegated by the constitution, but on the contrary expressly and positively forbidden...produce universal alarm, because it is levelled against that right of freely examining public characters and measures, and of free communication among the...

...referring, of course, to the first amendment. His draft emphasized that the Alien and Sedition Acts were "levelled against the right of freely examining public...the only effectual guardian of every other right." silent, however, on what measures state officials had authority to take in protecting those rights....

...thereto, — a power which, more than any other, ought to produce universal alarm, because it is leveled against the right of freely examining public characters...the only effectual guardian of every other right. Virginia legislators recalled that their state, and others, would not have ratified the constitution...

...Constitution; and the other of which acts exercises, in like manner, a power not delegated by the Constitution but, on the contrary, expressly and positively forbidden...produce universal alarm; because it is levelled against that right of freely examining the public characters and measures, and of free communication among...

...emphasis in the original) that regulation of speech is: a power not delegated by the Constitution, but, on the contrary, expressly and positively forbidden...other, ought to produce universal alarm, because it is leveled against the right of freely examining public characters and measures, and of free communication...

...provisions of the Constitution, a bald assumption of usurped authority, and a direct attack on "that right of freely examining public characters and measures,...the only effectual guardian of every other right" — indeed, the fundamental right which underpinned elective government itself.-" Their answer was...

...us to a discussion of the third First Amendment model. c. Free Speech and Democratic Self-Governance [T]he right of freely examining public characters...and of free communication among the people thereon . . . has ever been justly deemed the only effectual guardian of every other right . . . Let it be...

...legislative and judicial powers to those of the executive," and the Sedition Act "because it is leveled against the right of freely examining public characters...deemed the only effectual guardian of every other right."114 The Alien Act was thus condemned as violating the constitutional principle of separation...