Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain HistoryJohn Cort explores the narratives by which the Jains have explained the presence of icons of Jinas (their enlightened and liberated teachers) that are worshiped and venerated in the hundreds of thousands of Jain temples throughout India. Most of these narratives portray icons favorably, and so justify their existence; but there are also narratives originating among iconoclastic Jain communities that see the existence of temple icons as a sign of decay and corruption. The veneration of Jina icons is one of the most widespread of all Jain ritual practices. Nearly every Jain community in India has one or more elaborate temples, and as the Jains become a global community there are now dozens of temples in North America, Europe, Africa, and East Asia. The cult of temples and icons goes back at least two thousand years, and indeed the largest of the four main subdivisions of the Jains are called Murtipujakas, or "Icon Worshipers." A careful reading of narratives ranging over the past 15 centuries, says Cort, reveals a level of anxiety and defensiveness concerning icons, although overt criticism of the icons only became explicit in the last 500 years. He provides detailed studies of the most important pro- and anti-icon narratives. Some are in the form of histories of the origins and spread of icons. Others take the form of cosmological descriptions, depicting a vast universe filled with eternal Jain icons. Finally, Cort looks at more psychological explanations of the presence of icons, in which icons are defended as necessary spiritual corollaries to the very fact of human embodiedness. |
Contents
3 | |
1 The Archaeology of Jina Images | 17 |
Icons Cosmology Mandalas and Scripture | 67 |
3 The Spread of Icons in Our World | 113 |
Anxiety about the Authenticity of Icons | 155 |
5 Idols and a History of Corruption | 217 |
A Natural Theology of Icons | 247 |
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according argued argument Ashtapada authors Buddha Buddhist carved central century chapter Christian commentaries composed context continued Cort cult culture deities depict developed devotion Digambara discussion divine earlier early Edited enlightenment eternal evidence example FIGURE five followers four frame further Gaccha give gods Gujarat hand Hindu human icon worship iconoclastic iconography important included India indicate inscription Institute Jain Jainism Jina icons Jina images John king known later liberation lineage Living Lord icon Lonka Mahavira mandalas material Mathura meaning medieval mendicant Meru monks Mount Muni Murtipujaka Museum Nandishvara Dvipa narratives nature original painting Photo pilgrimage possible practice preaching presence references reform rejected relics religion religious ritual Scripture seated Shah Shatrunjaya shrines Shvetambara similar spiritual standing Sthanakavasi stone story teachings temple term texts tion tradition translation twenty-four understanding universe western India worship