Disease management in cocoa : comparative epidemiology of witches' broom

1 Introduction to the international witches’ broom project.- Witches broom disease of cocoa — an overview.- Cocoa production in South America.- The international witches’ broom project.- Operational structure of IWBP.- Facilities and personnel involved in IWBP.- Training element of IWBP.- The experimental programme.- 2 The pathosystem.- The pathosystem in outline.- Aspects of the pathosystem.- Managing the pathosystem.- 3 The IWBP studies.- Comparative epidemiology experiment.- Gradients from isolated sources.- Comparative phytosanitation experiments: gradients in plantations.- Interpretation of results.- 4 Comparative epidemiology studies: introduction.- Methods for comparative epidemiology experiment.- Site profiles.- 5 Comparative epidemiology experiment: Brazil.- Methods.- Results and discussion.- Comparative analysis and discussion.- Conclusions.- Management implications.- 6 Comparative epidemiology study: Colombia Caldas and Llanos Orientales.- Methods.- Results and discussion.- Conclusions.- Management implications.- 7 Comparative epidemiology study: Ecuador.- Materials and methods.- Results and discussion.- Conclusions and disease management implications.- 8 Comparative epidemiology study: Grenada.- Methods.- Results and discussion.- Conclusions.- Management implications.- 9 Comparative epidemiology study: Trinidad.- Methods.- Results and discussion.- Conclusions.- Management implications.- 10 Comparative epidemiology study: Venezuela.- Materials and methods.- Results and discussion.- Conclusions.- Management implications.- 11 Comparative epidemiology of the witches’ broom pathosystem.- Climate.- Basidiocarp production.- Phenology of susceptible host tissue.- Disease dynamics.- Infection efficiency.- General discussion and conclusions.- Diseasemanagement implications.- 12 Disease gradients of Crinipellis perniciosa on cocoa seedlings.- Materials and methods.- Results and discussion.- Implications for disease management.- 13 Comparative phytosanitation studies.- Protocol methods.- Site description and results.- Summary of results of sanitation.- Implications for disease management.- 14 Witches’ broom in Bahia, Brazil.- Witches’ broom outbreak in Bahia.- Cocoa phenology and climate at Itabuna, Bahia.- Prediction of witches’ broom epidemics.- 15 Disease management: recommendations.- New plantings.- Existing plantations.- Rehabilitation.- Conclusions.- 16 Future prospects for improvements in disease management.- Phytosanitation.- Biological control.- Fungicides.- Disease resistance and breeding.- Appendix I IWBP committees.- Appendix II IWBP workshops.- Appendix III Theses published by IWBP students.- Appendix IV IWBP experimental protocols.- References.